NUST Institutions Library Catalogue

Diabetes Mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder. It often leads to serious complications like
cognitive impairment and peripheral neuropathy. Photobiomodulation and metformin show
promise in reducing these complications through effects on mitochondria, inflammation, and nerve
protection. This study looked at the combined therapeutic potential of PBM and metformin in a
diabetic mouse model induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Adult Balb/c mice were divided into
groups: control, diabetic, metformin-treated, PBM-treated, and combination therapy. We
performed behavioral assessments, biochemical analyses, histopathology, and gene expression
studies to evaluate neuropathic pain, cognitive function, tissue integrity, and the molecular markers
BDNF and MPZ. The results show that both PBM and metformin improved blood sugar control,
reduced signs of neuropathic pain, and boosted cognitive performance. However, their
combination led to even greater improvements. Histological analyses revealed better preservation
of nerve and peripheral structures, while molecular analyses indicated an increase in neurotrophic
and myelination-related genes with combination therapy. These findings suggest a beneficial
interaction between PBM and metformin that targets several pathways involved in diabetic
complications. The combination presents a promising, non-invasive, and cost-effective way to
manage diabetes-related cognitive decline and neuropathy. Further long-term and clinical studies
are needed to refine protocols and confirm the potential for practical applications.