NUST Institutions Library Catalogue Search for 'kw,wrdl: (su-br:"Biomedical Research.")'

A practitioner's guide to resampling for data analysis, data mining, and modeling /

By Good, Phillip I.. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2012 . x, 214 p. : 25 cm.. 9781439855508

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Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation

By Khandpur. New York : | Maidenhead : McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing | McGraw-Hill Education [Distributor] 2015 9789339205430 | 933920543X (Trade Paper)

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Biomedical Engineering (E-Book)

By Carlos Alexandre Barros de Mello. India In-Teh 2009 . x,658 P;

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Data Mining in Medical and Biological Research (E-Book)

By Eugenia G. Giannopoulou. India In-Teh 2008 . viii,320 P;

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Nanoencapsulation of Ferrocene Incorporated Thiourea and Doxorubicin for Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia /

By Idrees, Nimra . . 102p. 30cm.

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LIPOSOMAL DOXORUBICIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF ADVANCED LIVER DISEASE /

By Khan, Faryal . . 59p. , Nanoscale materials are utilized as diagnostic instruments or to administer therapeutic substances to specific targeted regions in a controlled manner in the fields of nanomedicine and nano drug carriers, which are still relatively young but are quickly evolving. Nanoparticles can potentially deliver medications more accurately because they are currently made from biocompatible materials. The treatment of advanced liver disease has benefited greatly from nanomedicine in previous decades. Nano-based drug delivery systems improve the effectiveness of medications. Today, advanced liver disease is being treated with liposomal nanoparticles. Nano-based drug delivery systems increase the efficacy of both new and existing treatments through a detailed investigation of nanoparticle manufacturing and utilization. One of the most often used anticancer medications is doxorubicin. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a medication that is frequently used to treat HCC. Doxorubicin is a medicine that belongs to the anthracyclines class and is commonly used to treat different types of cancers, including lymphomas, leukemias, breast, ovary, thyroid, and lungs. Doxorubicin interacts with nitrogen - containing bases of DNA and prevents the production of macromolecules. This, in turn, prevents the action of the enzyme topoisomerase II (Top II), which inhibits the replication process. Consequently, malignant cells are prevented from proliferating. According to early research, doxorubicin's cardiotoxicity is reduced when it is encapsulated inside liposomes. Due to its cardiotoxicity, the "thin film hydration approach" was utilized to create doxorubicinencapsulated liposome nanoparticles, which were then used to treat advanced liver disease. The liposome nanoparticles were coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to boost their stability and provide a stealth effect. Pegylation improves steric repulsion and is therefore regarded as a superior stabilizer for various kinds of nanoparticles. PEG adopts the drug's erosion-controlled release mechanism, which led to continuous release. It is noted that a significant technique to treat NAFLD is to encapsulate the doxorubicin drug within liposomes and modify these liposome nanoparticles via PEG. 30cm.

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Post-Discharge symptoms and analysis for COVID-19 patients /

By Shahjehan, Ayesha . . 65p. , Coronavirus was initially recognized as human COVID by researchers in 1965. Different strains of coronavirus appeared in the following years MERS, SARS-1. Thousands of cases were reported in individuals that to led many casualties, in 2019. New strains of coronavirus emerged, known as covid-19that started to spread from Wuhan, China. It was labeled a worldwide epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, the first since 2009. Patients with covid-19 experienced gentle to extreme indications like fever, cough, weariness, shortness of breath, migraine, loose bowels, nausea, and vomiting. As SARS cov-2 is a novel infection, initially the infected patients were treated in a single room along with the utilization of antiviral medication, including oseltamivir, ribavirin, and ganciclovir, lopinavir, and ritonavir to decrease the viral burden. Indications during the contamination may not resolve unexpectedly grumble about persistent side effects, even a long time after the disease. The research is based on observing the symptoms of COVID and postCOVID in patients who perform PCR tests at a hospital. Sample of 26 males and 34 females. Services were taken and their symptoms were noted during and after the quarantine. During the assessment of the covid-19 pandemic, it was seen that overall unexpected issues have gotten even after the onset of intensive covid-19. The prolonged aftereffect stays unexplained. The point of this examination is to represent the persistent symptoms in patients who were released from the health center and to explore the related element of danger. The impact of the study is fundamental in investigating the components and potential persistent post-COVID disorder. It presents a system of procedures for prognosis and handling of patients with suspected or affirmed persevering post-COVID conditions. 30cm.

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Investigation of Silymarin Encapsulated Liposomal Nanoparticles Against Copper Toxicity Associated Liver Dysfunction and Neurobehavioral Abnormalities in Wistar Rats /

By Maryam, Tuba . . 69p. , The fields of nanomedicine and nano delivery systems, in which nanoscale materials are utilized as diagnostic instruments or to administer therapeutic medicines to precisely targeted areas, are new but rapidly developing fields. Through a thorough examination of nanoparticle production and use, nanomedicines and nano-based drug delivery systems improve the effectiveness of both new and existing treatments. Recent years have seen a surge in interest in the use of nanoparticulate structures including stimuli-sensitive polymers and liposomes for the treatment of liver disorders. Wilson disease is characterized by copper accumulation in both the liver and extrahepatic organs. The liver is particularly vulnerable to chronic copper poisoning because it is the first organ to absorb copper from the circulation. Copper's toxicity manifests in several ways, including liver cirrhosis, hemolytic anemia, renal tubule injury, damage to the brain and other systems. The available therapies aim to lower copper levels by various means. However, a potent therapeutic drug that can repair the damaged brain and liver tissue is desperately needed. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), a member of the Carduus marianum family, has been used for decades to treat liver and gallbladder problems. Medical researchers have shown silymarin and silibinin to have hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and cytoprotective properties. The effectiveness of silymarin as a medication for the liver is diminished by its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. In order to get around these problems, the "thin film hydration method" was used for synthesizing liposome nanoparticles that are encapsulated with silymarin and may be used to combat copper toxicity. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was employed to coat the liposome nanoparticles to increase their stability and to induce the stealth effect. After the induction of copper toxicity in rats, various methods such as serological analysis and behavioral tests were carried out to assess the effectiveness of the different treatment plans. The silymarin liposome nanoparticles showed improved treatment as compared to silymarin. The combination therapy of the liposomes along with zinc proved to be a more effective treatment plan than zinc therapy. 30cm.

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Conducting Research in Developmental Psychology: A Topical Guide for Research Methods Utilized Across the Lifespan /

New York: Routledge, 2020 . xiii, 213 p. 9780367340223(pbk)

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Characterization of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) response in depression-induced mice models /

By Ali, Saman . . 71p. , Depression is a complex psychological disorder that is also often link to the hormonal imbalances. Our research delves into the intricate relationship between depression and atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), considering the multifaceted influences of neurological, genetic, and environmental factors. With a focus on hormonal imbalances as key contributors to depression, our investigation explores the potential therapeutic effects of Levothyroxine (LT4) in the context of ANP. Utilizing an early weaning mouse model involving maternal separation, we conducted a detailed examination of the anxiolytic effects of LT4, aiming to evaluate its efficacy in alleviating symptoms associated with anxiety and depression. Behavioral assessments and histological analyses were employed to comprehensively evaluate the impact of LT4 on ANP. This study also extends to molecular investigations using RT-PCR to analyze the distribution and expression of ANP within the mouse central nervous system, highlighting the cortex region. Our findings reveal significant differences in brain expression levels of ANP between treated mice and those exhibiting depressive symptoms. This insight suggests potential therapeutic applications of ANP for mitigating depression, presenting intriguing avenues for further research, particularly in the context of depression-induced mouse models through parental separation. This research contributes to an enriched understanding of the complex factors influencing depression and proposes interventions that extend beyond conventional approaches. The integration of behavioral assessments, histological analyses, and molecular investigations offers a holistic perspective, laying the groundwork for future exploration in the critical realm of mental health research. 30cm.

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Therapeutic Potential of Galantamine for Managing the Complications Associated with Ischemic Stroke /

By Ahsan, Mehwish . . 104p. , Ischemic stroke remains the leading cause of illness and second leading cause of death worldwide. Previous research has shown that galantamine has neuroprotective properties, reducing neuronal death and damage in neurodegenerative conditions and improving cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease patients. The investigation looked into the possible mechanisms by which this medication could reduce cell death. Wistar rats were subjected to a temporary 30-minute occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and given an oral dose of 5mg/kg for three weeks. After 18 days of surgery, behavioral assessments were carried out. Galantamine enhanced grip strength, motor function, and muscle strength in rats. Spatial memory and object recognition examinations revealed cognitive improvements, thus indicating enhanced cognitive abilities and memory retention. Moreover, rats subjected to galantamine treatment displayed increased sociability and heightened locomotor activity during social interaction and open-field assessments. Molecular analysis of galantamine treatment in rats showed an upregulation of SOD2 expression, suggesting enhanced antioxidant defense, and a downregulation of TLR4 expression, suggesting a reduction in neuroinflammation, supporting the anti-inflammatory properties of galantamine. The histological analysis done with H&E staining of brain tissue revealed enhanced tissue morphology in the galantamine-treated group, signifying the neuroprotective effects of galantamine. The reduction in neuronal damage, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration further supported this observation. The results demonstrate that galantamine, potentially through the preservation of a functional cholinergic system, mitigated the impairments caused by stroke in a basic learning and memory test by decreasing cellular death. 30cm.

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Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Enhances Anticancer Activity of HDAC Inhibitor Panobinostat /

By Nawaz, Tayyaba . . 80p. , Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women even though numerous treatment options for breast cancer have been documented. Panobinostat, A histone deacetylase inhibitor, modifies gene expression through epigenetic pathways and prevents protein breakdown. The focus of this study is to enhance drug distribution to the tumor site and boost the efficiency of Panobinostat by using silver nanoparticles as controlled drug delivery system. Here we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using Rhazya stricta extract, as a nanocarriers for drug delivery. These drugs loaded nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDX techniques. The overall findings demonstrated that AgNPs synthesized through Rhazya stricta has the high potential for sustained release of Panobinostat for cancer therapy. As the successfully synthesized Panobinostat-AgNPs were stable and exhibited increased in vitro anticancer activity compared with free Panobinostat, our data demonstrate that the combination of AgNPs with Panobinostat improves the drug's longterm viability, effectiveness, and active targeting as a potential targeted therapeutic molecule for the treatment of cancer. To strengthen the utilization of this combination therapy in cancer therapy trials, further research is warranted. 30cm.

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Liposomal Formulation of Lapatinib for the Treatment of Breast Cancer /

By Idrees, Maria . . 70p. , Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among global women, even though numerous treatment options for breast cancer have been documented. Lapatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, modifies the cellular pathways and halts cell proliferation. The focus of this study includes the distribution of the drug to the tumor site in high amount and boost the efficiency of Lapatinib-loaded liposomes as a controlled drug delivery system against breast cancer. The synthesis of liposomes was followed by drug loading. The cargo was characterized under XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and zeta analysis techniques. The overall findings demonstrated that the Liposomal formulation of Lapatinib has a high potential for sustained release of the drug for cancer therapy. As the successfully synthesized Lapatinibliposomes were stable and exhibited increased in vitro anticancer activity as compared to free Lapatinib. Our study demonstrates that the combination of Lapatinib with liposomes improves the drug's long-term viability, effectiveness, and active targeting as a potential targeted therapeutic molecule for breast cancer treatment. To strengthen the utilization of this combination therapy in cancer therapy trials, further research is warranted. 30cm.

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COVID-19 (6LU7) predictive binding association with Aβ oligomers and possible link to Alzheimer's disease /

By Khan, Areej Sohail . . 74p. , The high rise pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) makes the world face medical challenges associated with multifaceted nature of its pathology. SARSCoV-2 affects several organs and systems as it enters the host’s body one of which is the brain. Over 80 million humans around the globe, including those with neurodegenerative disease (NDD), have been diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to date. COVID-19 affects the brain in many ways including direct infection of neural cells with SARS-CoV-2, severe systemic inflammation that floods the brain with pro-inflammatory agents leading to damaging cells and leading to symptoms presenting cognitive impairment. COVID-19 positive patients showcase neurological symptoms leading to the belief that coronavirus disease plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases. The most common NDD, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by its multifactorial nature leading to research on risk factors that emphasizes on the inflammation of toxicity and mutual death of cells due to amyloid beta and its conformers, namely monomeric and oligomeric forms. Amyloid beta oligomers initiate toxicity and neural death of cells in AD. The main aim of this study is to decipher the interactive association between toxic forms of amyloid beta oligomer against COVID-19 main protease. We used PDB and Pubchem for library retrieval that was loaded in to discovery studio to extract the active binding site of main protease of SARS-CoV-2 and prepare ligands for docking. Furthermore, we utilized PyRx for docking to investigating binding energies of conformations attained, the best affinity ligands were formed into a complex by the use of Pymol that were than visualized using Discovery studio where 2D interactions were also observed that later were further analyzed using Ligplot+ to get an insight on bond length and strength along with bond types. Aβ oligomer 31-35 binds actively to the active site of M-pro of SARS-CoV-2 at a high affinity rate of -6.3kcal/mol. 6LU7 complex with amyloid 31-35 (Complex 1) when docked XII with the receptor of apoptotic pathway showed enhanced predictive association. Bioinformatics tools in this research substantiated the important interactive partners amongst amyloid oligomers to COVID-19 highlighting that SARS-Cov-2 may play a role in apoptotic demise of cells ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. 30cm.

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Assessment of Stress Biomarkers in the Saliva of Smokers and Nonsmokers via UV Photospectrometry and POMS /

By Fahim, Maria . . 99p. , Smoking is one of the major health catastrophes. Smoking is believed to be the major cause of chronic diseases like Cardiovascular complications, stroke, pregnancy issues, respiratory failure, etc. There are three important transdiagnostic emotional factors that make the population vulnerable to initiation of smoking i.e. anhedonia anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance. Research studies for the past five decades have proven the adverse effect of stress on brain physiology and functioning. The human body responds to trauma (physical or non-physical stress) in a definite manner. This response of the body can be qualitatively and quantitatively monitored through several chemicals in the bloodstream, saliva, or urine; responding to the stress, called stress biomarkers i.e. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cortisol, cytokines etc. Saliva delivers an efficient specimen for various diagnostic procedures due to the presence of different biological products and secondary metabolites of xenobiotics and helps in determining the disease progressions as well as therapy outcomes depending on the variations in the markers/triggers. The nature of mindset and mood states are evaluated by a scales designed to rate the behavior of an individual towards the environmental stimuli that may be physical or psychological in nature. This psychological rating scale is known as the profile of mood state (POMS). This scale was initially originated by McNair, Droppleman, and Lorr in 1971. This scale is presented in the form a questionnaire including different questions regarding the mode and feelings of a subject.This research work aims to further elucidate the utilization of UV Photospectrometry for quantitatively assessing POMS and its relation to the stress biomarker. The samples were collected form the vicinity of the university campus H-12 Islamabad. The samples were processed and stored at the biomedical laboratory of School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), NUST. A total of twenty-four (24) male subjects were analyzed. A total of two groups were considered. Group 1 included the non-smoking participants, while group 2 included smoking participants. Simple spitting technique was used for the collection of unstimulated saliva. About 4 ml unstimulated saliva was collected in the sterile falcon tube. Saliva was temporarily stored in cool boxes at 4°C and immediately II shifted to the facility. Centrifugation of the salivary sample was done at 4°C for 5 minutes and 10,000 rpm. Saliva sample was frozen at -80°C until sample collection span was completed. The mood state of the participants was also evaluated using the profile of mood state technique used initially by McNair, Lorr, and Droppleman in 1971. The total mood disturbance (TMD) score was calculated that ranges from -32 to 200. The questionnaire was accessed from ―Mackenzie, B. (2001) Profile of Mood States (POMS) [WWW] Available from: https://www.brianmac.co.uk/poms.htm [Accessed 26/6/2022]‖. Simulated neural networking (SNN) was applied to the collected data from smokers and non-smokers for accuracy scoring. The required statistical analysis was performed and the data was statistically analyzed through a software ―GraphPad Prism 8.0‖ and the respective graphs were plotted. UV spectrophotometry studies provided peak plasma concentration peaks at the lower UV range of 190 to 210 nm, but with no significant difference, representing the presence of biological stress markers. The profile of mood state evaluation studies concluded that the smoking participants were presented with a significantly higher level of individual mood profile scores i.e. anger (****, P<0.0001), confusion (**, P<0.0014), fatigue (*, P<0.0354), tension (*, P<0.0422) and stress as compared to nonsmoking participants. The vigorous score was significantly high in the nonsmoking individuals (****, P<0.0001). Similarly, total mood disturbance score was also significantly high in the smoking participants. The application of artificial neural networking through artificial machine learning scored the accuracy of the results 84% which is a reliable outcome. The current research work concludes that different stress stimuli including physiological stress and psychological stress tends to initiate/increase the smoking behavior among the community. Likewise, it is also concluded that smoking initiation may not be always triggered in response to stress. Numerous factors i.e. lack of education, negative inspiration, or behavior to impress are also involved. Furthermore, the adaptation of smoking behavior as a result of stressful stimuli is not a valid approach to reduce the noxious/stressful stimuli. The stress may further be exaggerated by smoking. 30cm.

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Development of Reinforced Metal Tubing for Vascular Applications /

By Arshad, Aimen . . 53p , Coronary artery diseases remain one of the leading causes of mortality, with the incidence of death rate being 20% in Pakistan. The disease causes deposition of plaque on the lumen of the blood vessels that narrow the coronary arteries (blood) hindering the blood flow to the heart and rest of the tissues. The treatment procedure of the disease involves delivering the expandable device (balloon/stent) to the target region. Guide catheters plays a crucial role for the advancement of these treatment devices (stent/balloon). Guide catheters are hollow tubular structures of 100-110 cm in length, which are required to provide support, and facilitate the delivery of the stent/balloon at the target region. The guide catheter is made to enter the body via the wrist/femoral artery. From here, it traverses all the way to the heart while passing through blood vessels of varying diameter, and a tortuous anatomy of the body. In fact, the pathway of the guide catheter is not a straight, rather a curved path. It is important for the guide catheter to have certain mechanical characteristics to reach the heart without causing any vascular trauma. The performance of the guide catheter heavily relies on its braided shaft, and the outer jacket. Spontaneous movement of the catheter due to its instability, coronary dissections due to a high push force, and arterial spasms resulting from the friction are a few common problems of guide catheters used commercially. The current research is focused on catering these challenges by optimizing the pitch of the braided shaft and jacketing the shaft with a polymer unique to commercial catheters. In order to find the best guide catheter to meet the challenges presented in the literature, three guide catheters of varying pitch were designed, and coated with a polyimide jacket material. The protypes were tested for performance under mechanical, and physically testing and the candidate performing the best was selected. The guide catheter that performed the best in providing the longitudinal stiffness, reducing the friction, and decreasing the push force was chosen, and bench tested. 30cm.

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Adaptive Hemodynamic Signal Estimation Using Kalman Estimator /

By Quddusi, Basiq Warrad . . 80p. , Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a technology that measures changes in the oxygenation level of blood present in brain whenever an activity is performed by human being. It is a non-invasive technique and uses near infrared light to detect changes in the concentration of two chromophores i.e., oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin. During the recording, information related to neural activity in fNIRS signals gets compromised. This is due to the interference of noises from the environment outside as well as inside the human body. External noises can be light in the room and powerline noise. Internal noises are physiological noises such as cardiac, respiratory and mayer waves. Therefore, during analysis, it is required to remove these noises first and then extract main activity signal i.e., hemodynamic signal. Many techniques and methods have been proposed and practiced up to this date. Among them the most popular technique is General Linear Modelling (GLM). GLM models the signal by breaking it down into sum of all components present in the signal along with an error term. Previous studies and research that have used GLM for the reconstruction of activity signal used single frequency value for each noise but in reality, the frequency for each noise varies with the level of activity performed by the subject. This can lead to less accurate reconstruction of activity signal. In this study, this problem is kept under consideration and a method is developed to keep account for all the values of frequency that can corrupt fNIRS signal. Ranges of frequencies are considered instead of single values. These frequency ranges are first extracted using Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and their possible magnitudes are estimated using Kalman filter. Similarly, activity signal is extracted from fNIRS signal using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and then its magnitude is estimated using Kalman filter. Output of these two steps is fed to GLM for reconstruction of possible hemodynamic signal. Results from this method are compared with the results of conventional GLM and significant improvement is observed both visually and statistically. 30cm,.

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Identifying Neurophysiological Correlates of Frontotemporal Dementia: Resting State EEG and Phase Synchronization Analysis /

By Ali, Salwa . . 123p. , The need to develop more efficient neuropsychological biomarkers is paramount in the identification of neurodegenerative diseases, tracking the efficiency of treatment and in an effort to avoid the huge financial cost required. While previous research utilizing neuroimaging techniques has pinpointed changes in functional connectivity (FC) as promising biomarkers for frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the constraints of cost and availability of neuroimaging equipment underscore the necessity for accessible alternatives. Electroencephalography (EEG) has emerged as a viable option due to its increasing robustness, wider usage, and affordability. To this end, the research focuses on a resting-state EEG data created from AD, FTD, and HC groups. Here ground data were obtained from nineteen leads using a clinical EEG device when the subjects were in a resting state and their eyes were closed. Another challenge was to follow strict standards for data quality and quality management for data quality to enhance consistency. It is a cross-sectional study, including data from MiniMental State Examination conducted on each participant, and tapes recorded from 20 AD patients, 20 FTD patients, and 20 HC. The Neuroimaging Data Structure (BIDS) format was utilized to present both preprocessed and raw EEG data. The foremost aim was to determine the Feasibility, Sensitivity, and Specificity of the preprocessed, feature extracted, time-efficient, and artifact reduced EEG-derived FC patterns as markers in FTD. Phase-lock values (PLVs) were computed among nineteen pairs of electrodes across five frequency bands using MATLAB and the Hilbert transform. Significant variations in brain connectivity were identified through statistical analyses. The study revealed significant differences in alpha and beta frequency patterns among the control, Alzheimer's, and FTD groups, particularly in frontal and temporal regions. These differences suggest alterations in neural activity associated with cognitive processing, potentially serving as biomarkers for distinguishing between the three groups. Alterations in beta frequency PLV were noted across various EEG pairs, indicating disruptions in neural communication and coordination. These alterations suggest xvi compensatory mechanisms or hyperactivity in frontal and prefrontal regions, alongside potential cognitive and motor deficits due to decreased PLV in central and temporal regions. While no statistically significant differences were observed in delta and theta frequency synchronization between groups, trends suggest potential regions of interest for further research, aligning with existing literature exploring neural oscillations in neurodegenerative diseases. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in gamma frequency synchronization between groups, indicating relatively preserved neural synchronization in this frequency range across control, Alzheimer's, and FTD patients. In summary, both Alzheimer's and FTD demonstrate significant reductions in alpha and beta frequency values, particularly in frontal and temporal regions, compared to healthy controls. These findings underscore the altered functional network topology in AD and FTD, offering valuable insights into the neural mechanisms underlying these conditions. The study's results contribute to the development of electrophysiological markers, potentially enhancing the clinical diagnosis and understanding of AD and FTD. The specificity and sensitivity of EEG-derived FC patterns highlight their potential as costeffective, accessible biomarkers for neurodegenerative disease. 30cm.

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Analysis of variations in brain states and impact of TES during behavioral task /

By Arshad, Sidra . . 88p. , This research targeted to investigate the effects of low-gamma High Definition transcranial alternating current (HD-tACS) at the left DLPFC and primary motor cortex in healthy individuals performing continuous attention task. We selected an openly accessible dataset from openneuro.org. Dataset includes within participant implementation of High-Definition tACS (HD-tACS), stimulating two cephalic regions (frontal & motor) with biphasic stimulation waveform (30 Hz) with a total 600 stimulation trials in 30 sessions. The physiological data i.e. EOG, ECG, along with EEG and behavioral data were being recorded over the course of two 70 and 70.5 minutes’ sessions. The demographic data were acquired before and after each session together with the wellness questionnaires. The participants were given two stimulation doses separately, with 20 stimulation trials per session. The within-subject results showed significant differences between the pre- and post-stimulation data (p-value <0.05) in the F30, in each frequency band. While in M30 session, there was a significant increase in alpha and beta oscillations (p-value < .05). The gamma oscillations were not altered by low-gamma tACS at M1, whereas the theta oscillations showed a significant decrease. The phase-locking values (PLV) of frontal channels decreased in theta, alpha, beta & gamma bands, suggesting a drop in the attention of participants with the onset of stimulation. Hence, the results indicate, that lowgamma HD-tACS over left DLPFC has the potential to inhibit attention and information processing. And the low-gamma HD-tACS can improve motor function over the left primary motor cortex. 30cm.

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Endocrine Dysregulation Adversely Effects Female Reproductive Health in South Punjab Pakistan /

By Rao, Marium Tufail . . 101p. , Endocrine disorders have severe consequences for reproductive health and, overall, the woman’s condition. The role of this research is to establish the level of hormonal imbalance resulting in reproductive and other diseases among women in south Punjab, Pakistan. Thus, the present study has adopted a cross-sectional, observational research design in choosing 430 females from Bahawalpur Victoria hospital. Serum samples were also taken from females and hormonal assays performed on the collected samples in endocrine lab. The collected data were analyzed statistically to compare hormonal levels with health status of the women. The findings of the study were that the common symptoms were fatigue, cravings for food, and the high level of obesity among the participants. Hormonal level was correlated with amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, type 2 diabetes, and insomnia at the considerable level. Serum levels of CA- 125 and AFP were also raised significantly with ovarian cancer. Some other common manifestations were psychological, such as depression, anxiety, increased, and insomnia. Also, the most frequent reproductive symptoms identified were pain and swelling of the breasts, benign breast diseases, and night sweating. The survey work showed high prevalence of hair loss and hirsutism to above the norms, therefore pointing at dermatological consequences of hormonal disturbances. Another group of marriage-related problems that were also identified were fertility problems which were also common affecting a large percentage of the population. No significant associations were found between hormonal levels and certain conditions such as cardiovascular disease and liver disease. The hormonal testing showed dysregulation in FSH and LH and estrogen and progesterone and thyroid hormones. Women of south Punjab are undergoing hormonal imbalance, which includes reproductive health problems and other health related concerns. Focused education on symptoms, early checkups, and encompassing medical approaches are useful in reducing effects of hormonal fluctuations in this group of ladies. 30cm.

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Development Of Novel Diagnostic Angiographic Catheter, Evaluation of Its Efficacy, Precision, And Ease of Application /

By Inam, Hafsa . . 220p. , Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death globally, accounting for approximately onethird of all deaths. The prevalence of coronary disease continues to rise, resulting in increased mortality rates and escalating healthcare costs. The gold standard for diagnosing coronary blockages and recommending therapeutic interventions is angiography. Currently, braided reinforced shafts are the most common construction material for catheters used in angiographic procedures. However, recent research has focused on the development of laser-cut reinforced shaft catheters. The aim of this study was to assess the potential usage of laser-cut reinforced shaft-based angiographic catheters for coronary angiographic procedures by analyzing their design, performance, and behaviour. The commercially available state-of-the-art angiographic catheters comprise of braidedreinforced shafts, while the laser-cut reinforced shaft technique has never been used to develop angiographic catheters despite its potential to reduce the wall thickness and consequently the profile of the catheters without compromising pushability and flexibility. Therefore, the objective of this study was twofold: (I) designing and manufacturing a laser-cut metallic reinforced shaft in a novel way and (II) configuring this novel laser-cut metallic shaft as a lasercut reinforced angiography catheter to improve the existing state-of-the-art (braided catheter) by reducing profile (wall-thickness), enhancing flow rate, flexural and tensile strength, and decreasing pushability force required. The developed laser-cut angiographic catheter (having an outer diameter of 2.00 mm) has a wall thickness of 0.2 mm which is approximately 33% less than that of the commercially available braided catheters (having a wall thickness of 0.3mm). Furthermore, the pushability force analysis results prove that laser-cut reinforced shaft catheter exerts a minimal resistive force (625g) which is approximately 1/3rd times less than that of the braided catheter. Needless to mention that the novel Laser-cut catheter exhibits 2x more tensile strength than the commercially available braided catheter. The fabrication route employed in this study also increased the catheter's hydrophilicity (contact angle of 71.3°); as a result, an additional hydrophilic coating is not required. The outcome of the comparative analysis, based on the results obtained from the manufacturing route and bench testing, clearly shows that the laser cutting method is an effective and rapid way of producing flexible, lower-profile reinforced shaft. It is also established that the use of this method to produce flexible lower profile reinforced shaft will overcome the problem of compromised radial strength during a diagnostic procedure xxvii and would help maintain continuous ovality throughout. Therefore, the developed laser-cut reinforced catheter may potentially be used as the next state-of-the-art angiographic catheter after further in vivo and clinical testing. 30cm..

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Multi-Class Classification of ECG Data for Comprehensive Cardiac Abnormality Detection Through Machine Learning /

By Nayyab, Rida. . 81p. , Cardiovascular diseases are considered the major cause of death worldwide surpassing cancer. However, despite the broad category of diseases, research has been limited to binary classification i.e. normal and abnormal class leaving behind the accurate classification of specific diseases that affect the ECG waveform. PTB – XL database offers a wide variety of ECG records, but little research is dedicated to extracting morphological features for multi-class classification. Therefore, the paper used the open database to filter the ECG signal records having single unique labels and pre-processed them using the Butterworth bandpass filter and DWT db8. The Bandpass filter corrected baseline wander and reduced noise however, a high signal-to-noise ratio was achieved after applying 8-level DWT. The processed signals were fed into the Pan-Tompkins algorithm to extract R peaks. These peaks served as a baseline to identify other morphological features i.e. P-QRS-T intervals and amplitudes. These extracted features were labelled into 1 normal and 4 abnormal classes. There was a class imbalance in the dataset that could cause bias while training models. Therefore, SMOTE-NC was applied to upsample the dataset. The new dataset was split into the training set and the testing set. These sets were given as inputs to CNN and DNN models for a 5-fold loop. The performance was evaluated for both models using metrics like F1 score, recall, precision and accuracy. The CNN model achieved a mean accuracy of 81% whereas the mean accuracy for DNN was 84%. It was also noted that among the 5 classes, HYP was consistently being classified accurately at 98%. 30cm.

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Investigating Chrysoeriol-Mediated Protection in MPTP-Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease /

By Ali ,Mehak. . 105p. ; , Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which results in severe motor impairments. While the precise cause of PD remains unknown, research indicates that factors such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the triggering of apoptotic pathways play key roles in the degeneration of these neurons. Current treatments focus on stabilizing dopamine levels but do not halt disease progression. Therefore, exploring compounds that can mitigate apoptotic neuronal loss is promising for therapy. Chrysoeriol, a 3’-O-methoxy flavone and luteolin derivative, is known for its anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Despite extensive research, its effect on PD mouse models is still unclear. This study examines the neuroprotective effects of 5 mg/kg of Chrysoeriol administered intraperitoneally for 14 days in an in vivo sub-acute PD model, established using 20 mg/kg MPTP administered via intraperitoneal injections at two-hour intervals for a total of four doses in one day. Behavioral tests, including the Pole test, Y-maze test, forced swim test, and tail suspension test, showed significant recovery from PD-induced neurological deficits in Chrysoeriol-treated mice. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining confirmed reduced neuronal damage in Chrysoeriol-treated mice in different areas of the brain, including the midbrain, cerebellum, cortex, and hippocampus. qPCR analysis was used to detect the relative expression of α-Synuclein, Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) and Bax (pro-apoptotic) proteins. The levels of α-synuclein, a major protein implicated in PD pathology, were significantly downregulated in the treatment group compared to the diseased group, indicating that Chrysoeriol plays a role in the downregulation of α-synuclein. Moreover, in the diseased group, Bax levels were up-regulated, and Bcl-2 levels were downregulated, reducing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Chrysoeriol treatment significantly reversed this downregulation. Our results demonstrated that Chrysoeriol treatment significantly reduced MPP+- induced toxicity, downregulated α-synuclein expression levels, and improved Bcl-2/Bax ratio expression levels in in vivo mouse models. Our research indicates that Chrysoeriol offers protection against MPP+-induced apoptosis in mice by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This finding suggests that Chrysoeriol could be a promising therapeutic option for PD. 30cm..

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Investigating the Neuroprotective Effects of Chenodeoxycholic Acid in MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease in BALB/c mice /

By Mehreen ,Mehwish. . 77p. ; , Parkinson's disease (PD) remains a major challenge in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and requires innovative therapeutic approaches. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in PD using a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model. CDCA, a naturally occurring bile acid, has previously shown promise in various neurological disorders by reducing neuronal degeneration and promoting neuronal health, however its utility in PD has not been studied. Mice were divided into a control group, an MPTP-induced PD model (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and a treatment group injected intraperitoneally with CDCA (90 mg/kg). CDCA reduced motor impairment and ameliorated anxiety-like behavior as assessed by the pole test and open field test, demonstrated antidepressant effects in the forced swim test and tail suspension test, and results of the Y-maze test showed improved cognitive performance. Furthermore, the effective defense against MPTP-induced dopaminergic degeneration was provided by CDCA through improving the morphological and histological features of neurons in the midbrain, hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum. Additionally, the biomarkers used in this study are brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and α-synuclein. Hence, treatment with CDCA significantly mitigated MPTP-induced elevations in α- synuclein levels, indicating that it may have potential to preserve and recover neuronal function. Moreover, the neurotrophic role of CDCA was demonstrated by improving the low levels of BDNF in the presence of MPTP. The results of this study promise valuable insights into the potential therapeutic properties of CDCA in reducing the effects of PD and provide a basis for further research into bile acid-based treatments in neurodegenerative diseases. 30cm..

Place Hold on Investigating the Neuroprotective Effects of Chenodeoxycholic Acid in MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease in BALB/c mice /

Real-Time Target Acquisition Test for Rehabilitation Using EMG /

By Ain ,Qurat Ul . . 109p. ; , This research investigates the use of electromyography (EMG) signals for real-time control in rehabilitation applications. Utilizing the Myo armband, we captured EMG signals corresponding to 12 distinct hand and finger movements. We compared the performance of two machine learning classifiers, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and Vanilla Neural Networks (VNN), in accurately classifying these movements. LSTM networks demonstrated superior performance, achieving higher accuracy and robustness in signal classification compared to VNN. To address adaptability and reduce training time for new users, we employed transfer learning techniques. Our research also incorporated transfer learning techniques to enhance model performance, leveraging both a broad dataset collected from multiple subjects and a focused dataset from a single individual over an extended period. Our results show that transfer learning significantly improves the adaptability of the system, allowing for quicker and more efficient integration of new subjects into the model. The study further includes statistical analysis to validate the performance improvements, with paired t-tests and ANOVA confirming the significance of our findings. This work highlights the potential of LSTM networks and transfer learning in enhancing the usability and effectiveness of EMG-based control systems for rehabilitation, paving the way for more responsive and adaptable prosthetic devices. The integration of advanced machine learning techniques into EMG signal processing presents a promising avenue for future research and clinical applications. 30cm..

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Handbook of minerals as nutritional supplements /

By DiSilvestro, Robert A.. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2005 . 254 pages : 24 cm.. 0849316529

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Effect of Tactile Stimulation on Visual Memory Performance /

By Latif, Asma . . 80p. , The human eye continuously perceives information about surroundings to be processed and stored in memory so that it can be retrieved. Environmental factors may have positive and negative effects on memory performance and human cognitive processing. Many studies have addressed the effect of auditory circumstances on spatial tasks and visual memory performance. However, only a few studies highlighted the cross-modal interaction between vision for visual cue and touch for training of same visual pattern in tactile pattern. In addition, very little research has been conducted on the effect of tactile stimulation towards memorizing visual tasks. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of visuo-tactile stimulation on adult memory. Sixty-two subjects participated in this behavioral study having normal and corrected to normal vision. Participants are divided into two groups and each subject goes thorough Mini mental state examination and Edinburg handedness inventory. The visual assessment task consists of different shapes along with three-digit numbers. During the memorization period, visual assessment task was displayed on computer screen and tactile stimulation was delivered on index finger of the dominant hand of the participant. The participant was provided with an evaluation sheet containing shapes only. If the shape is paired with its corresponding number, then it was be considered correct. The p-value < 0.05 in visual assessment test showed a significant effect of tactile stimulation on visual memory performance. The findings of this study concluded that participants memorized the object number pair task better in the presence of tactile stimulation as compared to control/no stimulation. One of the conclusions of our work is that combing vision and touch sense may improve cognitive ability and may be provided to people during learning and remembering visual tasks. For future recommendations, heterogenous sample along with brain response can be studied. 30cm.

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Investigating the Neuroprotective Impacts of Chenodeoxycholic Acid in STZ-Induced Diabetic Neuropathy and Cognitive Impairment in BALB/c Mice /

By Bano, Maria . . 77p. , Diabetic neuropathy and cognitive impairment are common complications of diabetes, significantly affecting the lives of millions of people. Finding effective treatments for these issues remains a critical challenge. In this study, we investigated whether chenodeoxycholic acid, a naturally occurring bile acid known for its neuroprotective properties, could help alleviate these complications. We utilized a mouse model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin. The mice were categorized into three groups; a healthy control, a diabetic group and a diabetic group that receive treatment with CDCA. The diabetic mice displayed typical signs of nerve pain, anxiety-like behaviour, and memory problems. However, those treated with CDCA showed remarkable improvements in all these areas. They experienced less pain in the hot plate analgesia, exhibited reduced anxiety levels in the open field test, and demonstrated better memory and cognitive function in the test of Y-maze. Beyond behaviour, CDCA also had profound effects on the brain. It preserves the structure of neurons in critical areas like the hippocampus and cortex, which are often affected by diabetic neuropathy. At a molecular level, CDCA may reduce inflammation by decreasing nuclear factor kappa B levels, a key marker of inflammation and cell damage. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor is also increased, a protein essential for nerve growth and repair in the brain, suggesting that CDCA supports the brain’s natural ability to heal. These results provide a promising glimpse into the potential of CDCA as a treatment for diabetes-related nerve and cognitive problems. While more research is needed, the ability of CDCA to protect neurons, reduce inflammation, and improve cognitive and behavioural outcomes makes it a promising drug for future therapies aimed at improving the lives of people with diabetes. 30cm.

Place Hold on Investigating the Neuroprotective Impacts of Chenodeoxycholic Acid in STZ-Induced Diabetic Neuropathy and Cognitive Impairment in BALB/c Mice /

Design and Development of an Air-Driven Posture Correction Device /

By Haris, Muhammad. . 129p. , The prevalence of postural kyphosis continues to rise across all demographics because of inactive lifestyles and extended screen time usage which has established itself as a major musculoskeletal issue. The current solutions including static braces and feedback-only wearables, fail to provide adaptability and comfort with active correction features. This restricts their ability to achieve longterm success and user adherence. The research introduces a new wearable air-driven posture correction device which combines real-time sensing with pneumatic actuation to treat flexible thoracic kyphosis. The proposed wearable tech device focuses on posture correction by integrating multiple features into one compact device. The system includes an MPU-6050 inertial measurement unit which tracks the user’s trunk in real time in six degrees of freedom. A microcontroller processes this data and determines if changes to posture exceed a calibrated angular threshold. If so, the system triggers a pneumatic actuation module within an orthopedic vest that has been altered for this purpose. This module includes butyl rubber chambers which are constrained but designed to inflate and mechanically stress the upper back by simulating the action of scapular retractor muscles. To measure the corrective force, force-sensitive resistors (FSRs) are placed where the actuators and the body interface. A closed-loop control system dynamically adaptive and responsive to real time conditions with sensor fusion guarantees timely action and feedback. The prototype was tested by means of both objective and subjective methods, with a full-scale experimental protocol involving 24 healthy participants. Data collected in this study included realtime pitch angle vs actuator force, and subjective user feedback through standardized ergonomic surveys such as the Borg CR10 scale, Corlett & Bishop discomfort map, and the System Usability Scale (SUS). Results indicate that the system successfully minimized thoracic pitch deviation while maintaining safe tactile force levels, achieving average corrective pressures of 7–12 kPa, resulting in notable postural enhancement. The system reliably attained enhancements in posture, surpassing 85% in 22 out of 24 participants. This work contributes a fully automated, textile-integrated pneumatic solution for posture correction, combining real-time sensing, adaptive actuation, and ergonomic design. The proposed xix system offers a replicable framework for intelligent musculoskeletal rehabilitation wearables and lays the groundwork for future closed-loop personalization strategies in postural health technologies. 30cm..

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Predicting Healthy and Pathological EEG Patterns with Machine Learning Algorithms /

By Abbas, Ghulam . . 85p. , Neurological disorders pose major global health challenge, affecting an estimated one billion individuals worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), these neurological disorders contribute to approximately six million deaths annually, representing a significant burden. Early and accurate identification of brain pathological features in electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings is important for the diagnosis and management of these disorders. However, manual interpretation of EEG recordings is not only time-consuming but also requires expertise. This problem is compounded by the scarcity of trained neurologists in the healthcare sector, especially in low- and middleincome countries. These limitations emphasize the necessity for automated diagnostic processes. With the advancement of machine learning algorithms, have sparked significant interest in automating the process of early diagnoses using EEGs. Therefore, this paper presents a novel deep learning model consisting of distinct path, Hybrid-CNNTransformer, for the automatic detection of abnormal raw EEG data. Through multiple ablation studies, we demonstrated the effectiveness of all parts of proposed model. The performance of our proposed model was evaluated using NMT Scalp EEG Dataset and achieved a high classification accuracy of 87.77%, which outperforms the original baseline model and other research studies. Moreover, we demonstrated the generalization of our proposed model by evaluating it on another independent dataset, TUH abnormal EEG Corpus V.2.0.0. (TUAB), without any hyperparameter tuning or adjustment. Furthermore, a Explainable AI (XAI) analysis confirmed that the model's decision-making process is not only transparent but also neurologically plausible. 30cm.

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Therapeutic Effects of Light Flicker Stimulation in a Mouse Model of Depression - A Comparative Study /

By Hyder, Azan . . 80p. , Depression is a common neuropsychiatric condition, characterized by behavioral deficiencies, mood swings, and cognitive impairments. Although fluoxetine is still a commonly prescribed antidepressant, its drawbacks, including systemic side effects and delayed therapeutic results, make it necessary to look at alternative treatments. Using a chronic restraint stress mouse model, this study examines the effectiveness of 40 Hz light flicker therapy as a novel, non-invasive neuromodulatory treatment for depression by directly contrasting it with fluoxetine treatment. Behavioral tests such as the Light-Dark Box, Forced Swim, and Sucrose Preference tests showed that 40 Hz light stimulation dramatically reduced depressive-like behaviors, frequently outperforming the effects of fluoxetine. Histopathological examinations showed that parvalbuminexpressing interneurons, which are necessary for gamma oscillatory activity and inhibitory circuitry, had been protected in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampal regions. Increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and parvalbumin (PV) was further validated by molecular experiments, suggesting improved interneuron integrity and neuroplasticity. These results demonstrate that 40 Hz light flicker therapy facilitates the functional restoration of brain regions damaged in depression, pointing to distinct mechanisms from those of traditional medication. Subsequent research endeavors ought to concentrate on refining stimulation parameters, evaluating long-term safety and effectiveness, and clarifying electrophysiological mechanisms via supplementary imaging and neurophysiological studies. Promising translational potential is indicated by ongoing clinical investigations. To conclude, 40 Hz light flicker therapy might prove to be a useful supplement or substitute therapy, providing a customized, side-effect-free choice for managing depression. 30cm.

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High-Density Surface Electromyography for the Assessment and Evaluation of Low Back Pain /

By Shabbir, Nida . . 94p. , Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders worldwide, with diagnosis often relying on subjective evaluation rather than objective physiological measures. This thesis introduces a data-driven framework for quantitative assessment of LBP using high-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG). As a non-invasive technique, HD-sEMG provides insight into spinal neuromuscular behavior, enabling spatial and temporal characterization of muscle activity patterns associated with dysfunction. The study recruited 39 participants, divided into three groups that are healthy, sub-clinical, and LBP based on chiropractic evaluation. In the first study, machine learning classifiers including Support Vector Machine (SVM), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were trained on time and frequencydomain features to discriminate between groups. The SVM model achieved the highest accuracy, effectively distinguishing subtle neuromuscular differences between healthy and dysfunctional subjects. In the second study, a regression-based framework was developed to predict vertebral joint dysfunction scores (C1-Sacral) derived from chiropractic assessment. ANN and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models were trained under a CORAL (Consistent Rank Logits) ordinal regression framework, preserving the ordinal nature of dysfunction severity. The ANN model demonstrated superior predictive performance, capturing non-linear relationships between HD-sEMG activity and graded dysfunction levels. Overall, this research bridges the gap between clinical assessment and computational diagnostics, showing that HD-sEMG signatures can objectively quantify spinal dysfunction and support data-driven LBP diagnosis. The proposed framework establishes a foundation for personalized rehabilitation, automated dysfunction mapping, and AI-assisted musculoskeletal diagnostics, advancing the integration of biomedical signal processing with clinical neurophysiology. 30cm.

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Customization of 3D-Printed Knee Implants: Design Optimization and Lattice Structure Integration fo Enhanced Performance /

By Ahmad, Fatima Ajaz . . 93p. , Total Knee Replacement (TKR) surgeries are becoming increasingly common globally as an effective measure to counter knee arthritis. Total knee replacement implants are very advantageous in a sense that they offer 99% success rate to patients. This thesis presents the design, simulation and additive manufacturing of a patient specific, Functionally Graded Lattice Structure (FGLS) knee implant in Ti 6Al-4V alloy with specific reference to the healthcare situation in Pakistan. This was to explore the local manufacturing facilities of Pakistan as all knee implants are imported from abroad. The strategy involved a high degree of workflow consisting of Computer-Aided Design (CAD), finite element analysis (FEA), and topology optimization using nTopology to create Gyroid-based lattice work. The structures were to resemble the trabecular bone structure to ensure that stiffness discrepancies were minimized. This helped counter only one drawback of solid knee implants, stress shielding. The simulations of the physiological loading conditions (static and cyclic) demonstrated a Von Mises peak of 620.45 Mpa and safety factor of 12.66 on the average and unlimited predicted life of fatigue of over 10^7 cycles. The use of FGLS was effective in making the weight of 490 g to 292, leading to a 40 percent weight reduction, with no structural integrity lost. Selective Laser Melding (SLM) was used to fabricate the implant and the heat treatment allowed stress relieving of the additively manufactured implant. Compressive testing was also mechanically vindicated to be on an of average 95.02 kN with little variation and Micro-CT scanning confirmed high dimensional fidelity and showed internal lattice geometries without defects. According to this research, SLM produced FGLS implants usage has proven to be an option to traditional prosthetics, which is mechanically stable, biologically desirable, and cost-effective, and has a bright future of being a locally manufactured orthopedics product. 30cm.

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Development of New Content Based Image Retrieval Techniques /

By Sukhia, Komal Nain . Rawalpindi, MCS (NUST), 2020 . xv, 118 p

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