NUST Institutions Library Catalogue Search for 'kw,wrdl: (su-br:"MS Biomedical Sciences BMS ")'

Nanoencapsulation of Ferrocene Incorporated Thiourea and Doxorubicin for Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia /

By Idrees, Nimra . . 102p. 30cm.

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Role of Nucleobindin 1 in Clozapine-Induced Neuroprotection in MPTP-Treated Mice Models /

By Bhatti, Rohama Makmas . . 64p. 30cm.

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Characterization of the Role of Neurexin-1 in MPTP Induced Parkinsonism in Mice Model /

By Naeem, Mahnoor . . 62p. 30cm.

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Brain Tumor Segmentation using CT Hybrid

By Siddiqah, Mariyam . . 30p. 30cm.

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Effects of Cassia Angustifolia and Nigella Sativa for the prevention of Diabetic Neuropathy /

By Khan, Mahum. . 81p. 30cm.

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Therapeutic Potential of Rutin-Bound Glucose Carbon Dots for Alzheimer’s Disease /

By Khan, Sana. . 76p. 30cm.

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Early Diagnosis of AD by Detecting Amyloid-Beta in the Retina of AD-Induced Mice Using IR Spectroscopy /

By Waheed, Zuha. . 66p. 30cm.

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Isolation, Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Rumex acetosella Plant /

By Abbasi, Zoya Orangzeb . . 62p. 30cm.

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Multimodal Segmentation of Brain tumor using BraTS dataset 2020 /

By Saeed, Aniqa . . 60p. ;

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Formation of Ciprofloxacin Loaded Transethosomes to Check the Antibacterial Activity Against Skin Infections /

By Tariq, Huraira. . 67p. , One of the serious challenges in the treatment of infectious diseases is the presence of bacterial infections in subcutaneous wound tissue. Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and Propionibacterium acne (P. acne) are resistant bacterial strains that cause severe disease in humans when penetrating the deeper layer of skin. Antibacterial drugs with a nonspecific target have more difficulty in penetrating the deeper layer of infected skin. Broad spectrum antibiotics are best to treat the infection but are not commonly used because bacteria’s make resistance against them. To overcome these issues, a combined strategy of broad-spectrum antibacterial drug and nanoparticle was formulated for targeted delivery, enhanced penetration to the infection site specifically. The ciprofloxacin was entrapped in transethosomes and formulation was synthesized by using the cold method. Transethosomes are very small in size that can reach the deeper layer of skin to give potential effects. In the layers of skin, ciprofloxacin works by binding to the enzymes topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase and inhibit the DNA replication in bacteria. The antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin loaded transethosomes against skin infections was assessed using Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acne and the method used was well diffusion method. The characterization of ciprofloxacin loaded transethosomes was done through, zeta potential, particle size evaluation, and drug release efficiency. Loaded transethosomes displayed substantially have more potential effect than ciprofloxacin alone. The in-vitro studies show that ciprofloxacin loaded transethosomes boost the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against gram positive. 30cm.

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LIPOSOMAL DOXORUBICIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF ADVANCED LIVER DISEASE /

By Khan, Faryal . . 59p. , Nanoscale materials are utilized as diagnostic instruments or to administer therapeutic substances to specific targeted regions in a controlled manner in the fields of nanomedicine and nano drug carriers, which are still relatively young but are quickly evolving. Nanoparticles can potentially deliver medications more accurately because they are currently made from biocompatible materials. The treatment of advanced liver disease has benefited greatly from nanomedicine in previous decades. Nano-based drug delivery systems improve the effectiveness of medications. Today, advanced liver disease is being treated with liposomal nanoparticles. Nano-based drug delivery systems increase the efficacy of both new and existing treatments through a detailed investigation of nanoparticle manufacturing and utilization. One of the most often used anticancer medications is doxorubicin. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a medication that is frequently used to treat HCC. Doxorubicin is a medicine that belongs to the anthracyclines class and is commonly used to treat different types of cancers, including lymphomas, leukemias, breast, ovary, thyroid, and lungs. Doxorubicin interacts with nitrogen - containing bases of DNA and prevents the production of macromolecules. This, in turn, prevents the action of the enzyme topoisomerase II (Top II), which inhibits the replication process. Consequently, malignant cells are prevented from proliferating. According to early research, doxorubicin's cardiotoxicity is reduced when it is encapsulated inside liposomes. Due to its cardiotoxicity, the "thin film hydration approach" was utilized to create doxorubicinencapsulated liposome nanoparticles, which were then used to treat advanced liver disease. The liposome nanoparticles were coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to boost their stability and provide a stealth effect. Pegylation improves steric repulsion and is therefore regarded as a superior stabilizer for various kinds of nanoparticles. PEG adopts the drug's erosion-controlled release mechanism, which led to continuous release. It is noted that a significant technique to treat NAFLD is to encapsulate the doxorubicin drug within liposomes and modify these liposome nanoparticles via PEG. 30cm.

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Post-Discharge symptoms and analysis for COVID-19 patients /

By Shahjehan, Ayesha . . 65p. , Coronavirus was initially recognized as human COVID by researchers in 1965. Different strains of coronavirus appeared in the following years MERS, SARS-1. Thousands of cases were reported in individuals that to led many casualties, in 2019. New strains of coronavirus emerged, known as covid-19that started to spread from Wuhan, China. It was labeled a worldwide epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, the first since 2009. Patients with covid-19 experienced gentle to extreme indications like fever, cough, weariness, shortness of breath, migraine, loose bowels, nausea, and vomiting. As SARS cov-2 is a novel infection, initially the infected patients were treated in a single room along with the utilization of antiviral medication, including oseltamivir, ribavirin, and ganciclovir, lopinavir, and ritonavir to decrease the viral burden. Indications during the contamination may not resolve unexpectedly grumble about persistent side effects, even a long time after the disease. The research is based on observing the symptoms of COVID and postCOVID in patients who perform PCR tests at a hospital. Sample of 26 males and 34 females. Services were taken and their symptoms were noted during and after the quarantine. During the assessment of the covid-19 pandemic, it was seen that overall unexpected issues have gotten even after the onset of intensive covid-19. The prolonged aftereffect stays unexplained. The point of this examination is to represent the persistent symptoms in patients who were released from the health center and to explore the related element of danger. The impact of the study is fundamental in investigating the components and potential persistent post-COVID disorder. It presents a system of procedures for prognosis and handling of patients with suspected or affirmed persevering post-COVID conditions. 30cm.

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Investigation of Silymarin Encapsulated Liposomal Nanoparticles Against Copper Toxicity Associated Liver Dysfunction and Neurobehavioral Abnormalities in Wistar Rats /

By Maryam, Tuba . . 69p. , The fields of nanomedicine and nano delivery systems, in which nanoscale materials are utilized as diagnostic instruments or to administer therapeutic medicines to precisely targeted areas, are new but rapidly developing fields. Through a thorough examination of nanoparticle production and use, nanomedicines and nano-based drug delivery systems improve the effectiveness of both new and existing treatments. Recent years have seen a surge in interest in the use of nanoparticulate structures including stimuli-sensitive polymers and liposomes for the treatment of liver disorders. Wilson disease is characterized by copper accumulation in both the liver and extrahepatic organs. The liver is particularly vulnerable to chronic copper poisoning because it is the first organ to absorb copper from the circulation. Copper's toxicity manifests in several ways, including liver cirrhosis, hemolytic anemia, renal tubule injury, damage to the brain and other systems. The available therapies aim to lower copper levels by various means. However, a potent therapeutic drug that can repair the damaged brain and liver tissue is desperately needed. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), a member of the Carduus marianum family, has been used for decades to treat liver and gallbladder problems. Medical researchers have shown silymarin and silibinin to have hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and cytoprotective properties. The effectiveness of silymarin as a medication for the liver is diminished by its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. In order to get around these problems, the "thin film hydration method" was used for synthesizing liposome nanoparticles that are encapsulated with silymarin and may be used to combat copper toxicity. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was employed to coat the liposome nanoparticles to increase their stability and to induce the stealth effect. After the induction of copper toxicity in rats, various methods such as serological analysis and behavioral tests were carried out to assess the effectiveness of the different treatment plans. The silymarin liposome nanoparticles showed improved treatment as compared to silymarin. The combination therapy of the liposomes along with zinc proved to be a more effective treatment plan than zinc therapy. 30cm.

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Identification and Characterization of Hormonal Response in Depression Induced Mice Models /

By Ilyas, Noor-Ul-Ain. . 55p. , Background: Early life stress is correlated with escalated peril for anxiety, mood, substance, impulse control and depressive disorders. Such disorders might spring from chemical imbalance in brain. A well-grounded mouse prototype of childhood adversity contributing to the everlasting behavioral changes in an individual would help understand the mechanism underlying these adverse effects. Maternal deprivation is frequently used paradigm of early neglect. Natriuretic peptides especially Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) released from Atrial myocytes have significant anxiolytic role corroborated by certain animal and human trails. The concentration of ANP has been found to be elevated by Levothyroxine (LT4) which treats the adverse symptoms of anxiety and depression. Method and Results: In an attempt to contrive the paradigm of childhood adversity in mouse models with everlasting impacts on behavior of balb/c mice, maternal separation model followed by early weaning model were developed and behavioral tests were performed 60 days following maternal separation followed by early weaning (MSEW) paradigm for the validation of model. The experimental and control groups were further divided into 3 groups: MSEW group with drug administration, MSEW group with no drug administration and control group with no MSEW and no drug administration. Following a 7 days administration of LT4 at the concentration of 15 micrograms per mice to MSEW group and one of the control groups, decline in anxiety level in mice subjected to MSEW was observed in comparison to the MSEW group that was not administered LT4. These findings were validated by performing anxiety related paradigms after drug injection and the difference in the behavior was observed accordingly which suggested decrease in behavioral despair and anxiety related symptoms in mice. Conclusion: Our findings elucidate that maternal separation model followed by early weaning contributes as a substantial paradigm to scrutinize the intricate behavioral anomalies in organisms with early life adversity history and by increasing the concentration of ANP by injection of LT4 cures the anxiety-related symptoms and provides a n apprehension for a futuristic therapeutic plan of actions. 30cm.

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Saikosaponin B2 modulate oxidative stress in scopolamine induced murine model of Alzheimer’s Disease /

By Malik, Mehreen Nadeem . . 80p. , One of the initial pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease is cognitive decline and memory loss by disruption of cholinergic neurons and oxidative brain damage. A postsynaptic muscarinic receptor blocker, scopolamine impairs cholinergic transmission and impairs cognition. Here, we observed the physiological processes underlying Saikosaponin b2's impact on memory deficits in mice that had been given scopolamine repeatedly. Scopolamine (1 mg/kg) administration for 15 days caused severe deficits in working and short-term memory in mice, as determined by the elevated plus maze, Morris water maze, and novel object recognition tests. However, scopolamine administered mice who were additionally given Saikosaponin b2 did not experience either deficit. This effect was associated with an increase in antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, Glutathione reductase, glutathione s transferase and catalase), followed by reduction in lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase activity. 30cm.

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Characterization of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) response in depression-induced mice models /

By Ali, Saman . . 71p. , Depression is a complex psychological disorder that is also often link to the hormonal imbalances. Our research delves into the intricate relationship between depression and atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), considering the multifaceted influences of neurological, genetic, and environmental factors. With a focus on hormonal imbalances as key contributors to depression, our investigation explores the potential therapeutic effects of Levothyroxine (LT4) in the context of ANP. Utilizing an early weaning mouse model involving maternal separation, we conducted a detailed examination of the anxiolytic effects of LT4, aiming to evaluate its efficacy in alleviating symptoms associated with anxiety and depression. Behavioral assessments and histological analyses were employed to comprehensively evaluate the impact of LT4 on ANP. This study also extends to molecular investigations using RT-PCR to analyze the distribution and expression of ANP within the mouse central nervous system, highlighting the cortex region. Our findings reveal significant differences in brain expression levels of ANP between treated mice and those exhibiting depressive symptoms. This insight suggests potential therapeutic applications of ANP for mitigating depression, presenting intriguing avenues for further research, particularly in the context of depression-induced mouse models through parental separation. This research contributes to an enriched understanding of the complex factors influencing depression and proposes interventions that extend beyond conventional approaches. The integration of behavioral assessments, histological analyses, and molecular investigations offers a holistic perspective, laying the groundwork for future exploration in the critical realm of mental health research. 30cm.

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Therapeutic Potential of Galantamine for Managing the Complications Associated with Ischemic Stroke /

By Ahsan, Mehwish . . 104p. , Ischemic stroke remains the leading cause of illness and second leading cause of death worldwide. Previous research has shown that galantamine has neuroprotective properties, reducing neuronal death and damage in neurodegenerative conditions and improving cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease patients. The investigation looked into the possible mechanisms by which this medication could reduce cell death. Wistar rats were subjected to a temporary 30-minute occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and given an oral dose of 5mg/kg for three weeks. After 18 days of surgery, behavioral assessments were carried out. Galantamine enhanced grip strength, motor function, and muscle strength in rats. Spatial memory and object recognition examinations revealed cognitive improvements, thus indicating enhanced cognitive abilities and memory retention. Moreover, rats subjected to galantamine treatment displayed increased sociability and heightened locomotor activity during social interaction and open-field assessments. Molecular analysis of galantamine treatment in rats showed an upregulation of SOD2 expression, suggesting enhanced antioxidant defense, and a downregulation of TLR4 expression, suggesting a reduction in neuroinflammation, supporting the anti-inflammatory properties of galantamine. The histological analysis done with H&E staining of brain tissue revealed enhanced tissue morphology in the galantamine-treated group, signifying the neuroprotective effects of galantamine. The reduction in neuronal damage, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration further supported this observation. The results demonstrate that galantamine, potentially through the preservation of a functional cholinergic system, mitigated the impairments caused by stroke in a basic learning and memory test by decreasing cellular death. 30cm.

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Brain Tumour Image Segmentation Using Deep Networks /

By Ali ,Mahnoor . . 58p. ; 30cm..

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Effectivity of Rutin-bound Carbon dots in preventing the aggregation of Amyloid beta /

By Noor Afza. . 78p. , According to the World Health Organization up to 55 million people have dementia resulting in concerning socio-economic implications. About 60-80% cases of dementia are associated with Alzheimer's disease. With all the advances in medicine, there still is no cure. Blood-brain barrier monitors the entry and exit of nutrients and molecules which makes it difficult for various drugs and therapeutic molecules to cross it. Carbon dots are made from glucose to overcome the BBB. Rutin is a naturally existing flavonoid extracted from plants and has therapeutic effects in neuroprotection. This study aims to improve the effectiveness of rutin combined with targeted delivery of carbon dots. Carbon dots were loaded with Rutin to make CD-Rutin, a nano-sized combination with a targeted drug. FTIR, UV-IR, and SEM analysis have produced positive results regarding the doping of CDs with Rutin. Administration of CD-Rutin was done in AD-like rat models at eight to twelve months of age. Alzheimer's was induced in rats with Aluminum Chloride and D-galactose through IP administration for two weeks. Behavioral tests were performed to check the progression of the disease. In silico analysis was also done to check ligand-protein interaction to check variation in the binding of Aβ isoforms with Rutin. Afterward, a single injection of CD-Rutin (10 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally as well. Behavioral testing was done after the administration of the drug. Characterization techniques revealed the successful formation of CDs and subsequent loading of Rutin onto the CDs resulting in a CD-Rutin combination. In silico analysis provided strong binding affinities of Rutin with Aβ isoforms affirming Rutin as a favorable treatment to target amyloid aggregates. 3D configuration showed binding of Rutin with hydrophobic domains of protein oligomers Behavioral testing provided significant difference in the treated group with better memory retention and performance in activities involved in behavioral testing. After behavioral testing, rats were dissected for molecular analysis including H&E to assess cell degeneration and Thioflavin T staining to assess amyloid aggregates in the brain tissues. Results provided positive data in terms of cell count in the cortex. Overall results suggest that memory impairment and cognitive abilities were significantly improved after injections. The results demonstrate the positive therapeutic potential of CD-Rutin in Alzheimer's treatment. 30cm.

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Therapeutic Potential of Rivastigmine for Managing Complications Associated with Ischemic Stroke /

By Abbasi, Irum Naeem . . 80p. , Stroke continues to be the world’s primary cause of morbidity and mortality, frequently with incapacitating consequences like movement dysfunction, cognitive decline, and neurological impairments. It is essential to manage stroke effectively to lessen its negative effects and enhance patient outcomes. The potential neuroprotective benefits of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors may assist maintain the integrity of brain tissue and lessen the damage that neurons may sustain after a stroke, making them a promising option in this situation. This comprehensive thesis explores the neuroprotective benefits of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, Rivastigmine, in relation to stroke outcomes in a variety of ways. Using an advanced integrative methodology, this study includes behavioral evaluations, in silico analysis, histopathological results, and molecular studies to give a comprehensive picture of the possible mechanisms behind therapeutic effects of Rivastigmine. Within the field of computer modelling, the docking interactions between SOD2 and TLR4, the target proteins of Rivastigmine, provide detailed structural information that directs further experimental validations. Following Rivastigmine treatment, the behavioral tests conducted exhibited improvements in cognitive, motor, and social domains. These results were further corroborated by histopathological analysis, which shows neuroprotective effects in Rivastigmine treated group as opposed to surgery (MCAO) group. Post Rivastigmine treatment, real-time PCR data showed a rise in SOD2 and a decrease in TLR4 levels in surgery (MCAO) rats, exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Rivastigmine. These findings provide interesting directions for future neuroprotective approaches and shed light on the possible therapeutic implications of Rivastigmine in reducing neurodegeneration that occurs in stroke. 30cm.

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Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Enhances Anticancer Activity of HDAC Inhibitor Panobinostat /

By Nawaz, Tayyaba . . 80p. , Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women even though numerous treatment options for breast cancer have been documented. Panobinostat, A histone deacetylase inhibitor, modifies gene expression through epigenetic pathways and prevents protein breakdown. The focus of this study is to enhance drug distribution to the tumor site and boost the efficiency of Panobinostat by using silver nanoparticles as controlled drug delivery system. Here we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using Rhazya stricta extract, as a nanocarriers for drug delivery. These drugs loaded nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDX techniques. The overall findings demonstrated that AgNPs synthesized through Rhazya stricta has the high potential for sustained release of Panobinostat for cancer therapy. As the successfully synthesized Panobinostat-AgNPs were stable and exhibited increased in vitro anticancer activity compared with free Panobinostat, our data demonstrate that the combination of AgNPs with Panobinostat improves the drug's longterm viability, effectiveness, and active targeting as a potential targeted therapeutic molecule for the treatment of cancer. To strengthen the utilization of this combination therapy in cancer therapy trials, further research is warranted. 30cm.

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Liposomal Formulation of Lapatinib for the Treatment of Breast Cancer /

By Idrees, Maria . . 70p. , Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among global women, even though numerous treatment options for breast cancer have been documented. Lapatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, modifies the cellular pathways and halts cell proliferation. The focus of this study includes the distribution of the drug to the tumor site in high amount and boost the efficiency of Lapatinib-loaded liposomes as a controlled drug delivery system against breast cancer. The synthesis of liposomes was followed by drug loading. The cargo was characterized under XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and zeta analysis techniques. The overall findings demonstrated that the Liposomal formulation of Lapatinib has a high potential for sustained release of the drug for cancer therapy. As the successfully synthesized Lapatinibliposomes were stable and exhibited increased in vitro anticancer activity as compared to free Lapatinib. Our study demonstrates that the combination of Lapatinib with liposomes improves the drug's long-term viability, effectiveness, and active targeting as a potential targeted therapeutic molecule for breast cancer treatment. To strengthen the utilization of this combination therapy in cancer therapy trials, further research is warranted. 30cm.

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Functional Characterization Of Risk Factor Involved In Mptp-Induced Parkinsonism In Mice /

By Jatala, Faria Hasan . . 72p. , The second-most prevalent neurological disease in the world, Parkinson's disease (PD) affects roughly 4 million people. The death and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNpc) is the primary pathogenic characteristic of PD. Motor abnormalities include limb stiffness, tremor, and bradykinesia are the major features of PD. Although levodopa (L-DOPA) is the gold standard medication, but it has clear negative effects when taken over an extended period. Therefore, it is vital that novel medicines and ideal therapeutic agents be discovered. Parkinson's disease remains an unsolved clinical problem, as currently authorized PD therapies offer relatively modest therapeutic benefits. New therapeutic approaches that not only alleviate symptoms in the short term but also stop the disease from getting worse are desperately needed. For this purpose, mice model is utilized for PD induction by MPTP neurotoxin for functional characterization of proteomic factor GFAP as a risk factor in an effort to enhance the efficacy of the treatment of PD. In future, by targeting pathway of GFAP level in substantia nigra with some targeted drug will eventually lead to innovative therapeutic approach for PD patients. 30cm.

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Design and Development of a System for Pressure Measurement in Patients using Lower Limb Prosthetic and Orthotic Appliances /

By Javaid, Ajla . . 68p. , Pain and pressure sensation as parts of somatosensory system provides sense of awareness of joint position & body orientation in space. Proprioception works like a constant feedback loop where human beings are very well aware of body position and forces acting on it. Any abnormality in pressure especially for amputees would result in skin break down, joint disorders and noncompliance of prosthetic limb. In order to avoid problems related to skin & joints along with psychological satisfaction of patient, pressure mapping is performed with improved device compliance. Due to unavailability and high cost of MEMS based bubble sensors and TEKSCAN system, an effective and low-cost solution to problems related to pressure mapping before and after prosthetic fittings is introduced wherein a device capable of being incorporated within stump and prosthesis with minimal chances of breakage due to its flexibility is designed. Twelve pressure tolerant & sensitive areas of stump were marked upon silicon-based stump liner of 3mm thickness for TTP socket. FSR are attached to those specified areas and a Bluetooth module is used in PCB to send data through PLX-DAQ into MS-Excel. When a patient wears his/her prosthesis along with specially designed silicon liner having FSR and bears weight or walk, data is sent back into excel sheet recording the pressure values from 12 locations of a stump. Then adjustments can be made in prosthesis on the exact locations that showed increased pressure values so to eliminate pain and pinch and relieve the patient. Data from 7 patients during standing/ loading response of gait cycle was taken at Rehabilitation department of hospitals and required adjustments were made in prosthetic socket and alignment by the clinician/prosthetist. Comparison between means of pressure values before (27N/m2 ) and after making adjustment in prosthesis was made which showed improved values of pressure on distal tibia (<17N/m2 ) Data from 1 patient was obtained through all phases of his gait cycle and plotted on MS-Excel to find out exact phase of gait cycle causing more pressure on stump. The results showed significantly increased values of pressure on sensitive regions of stump during mid-stance phases of gait cycle (>75N/m2 ). While during early stance and swing phases the pressure values were significantly low (<28.7N/m2 30cm.

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COVID-19 (6LU7) predictive binding association with Aβ oligomers and possible link to Alzheimer's disease /

By Khan, Areej Sohail . . 74p. , The high rise pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) makes the world face medical challenges associated with multifaceted nature of its pathology. SARSCoV-2 affects several organs and systems as it enters the host’s body one of which is the brain. Over 80 million humans around the globe, including those with neurodegenerative disease (NDD), have been diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to date. COVID-19 affects the brain in many ways including direct infection of neural cells with SARS-CoV-2, severe systemic inflammation that floods the brain with pro-inflammatory agents leading to damaging cells and leading to symptoms presenting cognitive impairment. COVID-19 positive patients showcase neurological symptoms leading to the belief that coronavirus disease plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases. The most common NDD, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by its multifactorial nature leading to research on risk factors that emphasizes on the inflammation of toxicity and mutual death of cells due to amyloid beta and its conformers, namely monomeric and oligomeric forms. Amyloid beta oligomers initiate toxicity and neural death of cells in AD. The main aim of this study is to decipher the interactive association between toxic forms of amyloid beta oligomer against COVID-19 main protease. We used PDB and Pubchem for library retrieval that was loaded in to discovery studio to extract the active binding site of main protease of SARS-CoV-2 and prepare ligands for docking. Furthermore, we utilized PyRx for docking to investigating binding energies of conformations attained, the best affinity ligands were formed into a complex by the use of Pymol that were than visualized using Discovery studio where 2D interactions were also observed that later were further analyzed using Ligplot+ to get an insight on bond length and strength along with bond types. Aβ oligomer 31-35 binds actively to the active site of M-pro of SARS-CoV-2 at a high affinity rate of -6.3kcal/mol. 6LU7 complex with amyloid 31-35 (Complex 1) when docked XII with the receptor of apoptotic pathway showed enhanced predictive association. Bioinformatics tools in this research substantiated the important interactive partners amongst amyloid oligomers to COVID-19 highlighting that SARS-Cov-2 may play a role in apoptotic demise of cells ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. 30cm.

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Assessment of Stress Biomarkers in the Saliva of Smokers and Nonsmokers via UV Photospectrometry and POMS /

By Fahim, Maria . . 99p. , Smoking is one of the major health catastrophes. Smoking is believed to be the major cause of chronic diseases like Cardiovascular complications, stroke, pregnancy issues, respiratory failure, etc. There are three important transdiagnostic emotional factors that make the population vulnerable to initiation of smoking i.e. anhedonia anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance. Research studies for the past five decades have proven the adverse effect of stress on brain physiology and functioning. The human body responds to trauma (physical or non-physical stress) in a definite manner. This response of the body can be qualitatively and quantitatively monitored through several chemicals in the bloodstream, saliva, or urine; responding to the stress, called stress biomarkers i.e. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cortisol, cytokines etc. Saliva delivers an efficient specimen for various diagnostic procedures due to the presence of different biological products and secondary metabolites of xenobiotics and helps in determining the disease progressions as well as therapy outcomes depending on the variations in the markers/triggers. The nature of mindset and mood states are evaluated by a scales designed to rate the behavior of an individual towards the environmental stimuli that may be physical or psychological in nature. This psychological rating scale is known as the profile of mood state (POMS). This scale was initially originated by McNair, Droppleman, and Lorr in 1971. This scale is presented in the form a questionnaire including different questions regarding the mode and feelings of a subject.This research work aims to further elucidate the utilization of UV Photospectrometry for quantitatively assessing POMS and its relation to the stress biomarker. The samples were collected form the vicinity of the university campus H-12 Islamabad. The samples were processed and stored at the biomedical laboratory of School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), NUST. A total of twenty-four (24) male subjects were analyzed. A total of two groups were considered. Group 1 included the non-smoking participants, while group 2 included smoking participants. Simple spitting technique was used for the collection of unstimulated saliva. About 4 ml unstimulated saliva was collected in the sterile falcon tube. Saliva was temporarily stored in cool boxes at 4°C and immediately II shifted to the facility. Centrifugation of the salivary sample was done at 4°C for 5 minutes and 10,000 rpm. Saliva sample was frozen at -80°C until sample collection span was completed. The mood state of the participants was also evaluated using the profile of mood state technique used initially by McNair, Lorr, and Droppleman in 1971. The total mood disturbance (TMD) score was calculated that ranges from -32 to 200. The questionnaire was accessed from ―Mackenzie, B. (2001) Profile of Mood States (POMS) [WWW] Available from: https://www.brianmac.co.uk/poms.htm [Accessed 26/6/2022]‖. Simulated neural networking (SNN) was applied to the collected data from smokers and non-smokers for accuracy scoring. The required statistical analysis was performed and the data was statistically analyzed through a software ―GraphPad Prism 8.0‖ and the respective graphs were plotted. UV spectrophotometry studies provided peak plasma concentration peaks at the lower UV range of 190 to 210 nm, but with no significant difference, representing the presence of biological stress markers. The profile of mood state evaluation studies concluded that the smoking participants were presented with a significantly higher level of individual mood profile scores i.e. anger (****, P<0.0001), confusion (**, P<0.0014), fatigue (*, P<0.0354), tension (*, P<0.0422) and stress as compared to nonsmoking participants. The vigorous score was significantly high in the nonsmoking individuals (****, P<0.0001). Similarly, total mood disturbance score was also significantly high in the smoking participants. The application of artificial neural networking through artificial machine learning scored the accuracy of the results 84% which is a reliable outcome. The current research work concludes that different stress stimuli including physiological stress and psychological stress tends to initiate/increase the smoking behavior among the community. Likewise, it is also concluded that smoking initiation may not be always triggered in response to stress. Numerous factors i.e. lack of education, negative inspiration, or behavior to impress are also involved. Furthermore, the adaptation of smoking behavior as a result of stressful stimuli is not a valid approach to reduce the noxious/stressful stimuli. The stress may further be exaggerated by smoking. 30cm.

Place Hold on Assessment of Stress Biomarkers in the Saliva of Smokers and Nonsmokers via UV Photospectrometry and POMS /

Development of Reinforced Metal Tubing for Vascular Applications /

By Arshad, Aimen . . 53p , Coronary artery diseases remain one of the leading causes of mortality, with the incidence of death rate being 20% in Pakistan. The disease causes deposition of plaque on the lumen of the blood vessels that narrow the coronary arteries (blood) hindering the blood flow to the heart and rest of the tissues. The treatment procedure of the disease involves delivering the expandable device (balloon/stent) to the target region. Guide catheters plays a crucial role for the advancement of these treatment devices (stent/balloon). Guide catheters are hollow tubular structures of 100-110 cm in length, which are required to provide support, and facilitate the delivery of the stent/balloon at the target region. The guide catheter is made to enter the body via the wrist/femoral artery. From here, it traverses all the way to the heart while passing through blood vessels of varying diameter, and a tortuous anatomy of the body. In fact, the pathway of the guide catheter is not a straight, rather a curved path. It is important for the guide catheter to have certain mechanical characteristics to reach the heart without causing any vascular trauma. The performance of the guide catheter heavily relies on its braided shaft, and the outer jacket. Spontaneous movement of the catheter due to its instability, coronary dissections due to a high push force, and arterial spasms resulting from the friction are a few common problems of guide catheters used commercially. The current research is focused on catering these challenges by optimizing the pitch of the braided shaft and jacketing the shaft with a polymer unique to commercial catheters. In order to find the best guide catheter to meet the challenges presented in the literature, three guide catheters of varying pitch were designed, and coated with a polyimide jacket material. The protypes were tested for performance under mechanical, and physically testing and the candidate performing the best was selected. The guide catheter that performed the best in providing the longitudinal stiffness, reducing the friction, and decreasing the push force was chosen, and bench tested. 30cm.

Place Hold on Development of Reinforced Metal Tubing for Vascular Applications /

Analyzing and Decoding Natural Reach & Grasp Action Using Convolutional Neural Network /

By Nazir, Abida . . 44p. , Reaching and Grasping is most signi cant component of human life.Translation of EEG in the form of upper limb movement is of great importance for realization of natural neuroprosthesis control and restoration of hand movements of patients with motor disorders. Patients su ering from spinal cord injury (SCI)problems have lost most of voluntary motor control functions. Such type of loss can be cured using movement related cortical potentials (MRCPS) analysis. Brain computer interface with limb neuro-prosthesis is considered as a solution to such problems. This study anlyzes EEG signals in relation with natural reach and grasp actions. EEG signals have movement related cortical potentials (MRCPS) which can be used to decode upper limb movements. This experiment was performed in Graz University of Technology Austria and they o ered free access dataset for further exploration.Total 45 subjects were involved in this study, 15 subjects with every type of electrode:gel,water and dry performed the experiment. All subjects accomplished self-initiated 80 reach and grasp actions toward a spoon within the jar (lateral grasp) and toward an empty glass (palmar grasp).EEG signals are recorded using three types of electrodes: water based, Gel based and Dry electrodes. In this study signals are classi ed using Deep learning technique i.e Convulotional Neural Networks. For analysis, EEG signals were preprocessed using various lteration techniques. After ltration data is fed into classi er for classi cation of signals. Data is divided into test set and training set. Grand average peak accuracy calculated on unseen test data resulted in 54.2% classi cation accuracy i.e Gel based accuracy approached 56.8.4%, water based 52.7% and dry based 51.8%. 30cm.

Place Hold on Analyzing and Decoding Natural Reach & Grasp Action Using Convolutional Neural Network /

Endocrine Dysregulation Adversely Effects Female Reproductive Health in South Punjab Pakistan /

By Rao, Marium Tufail . . 101p. , Endocrine disorders have severe consequences for reproductive health and, overall, the woman’s condition. The role of this research is to establish the level of hormonal imbalance resulting in reproductive and other diseases among women in south Punjab, Pakistan. Thus, the present study has adopted a cross-sectional, observational research design in choosing 430 females from Bahawalpur Victoria hospital. Serum samples were also taken from females and hormonal assays performed on the collected samples in endocrine lab. The collected data were analyzed statistically to compare hormonal levels with health status of the women. The findings of the study were that the common symptoms were fatigue, cravings for food, and the high level of obesity among the participants. Hormonal level was correlated with amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, type 2 diabetes, and insomnia at the considerable level. Serum levels of CA- 125 and AFP were also raised significantly with ovarian cancer. Some other common manifestations were psychological, such as depression, anxiety, increased, and insomnia. Also, the most frequent reproductive symptoms identified were pain and swelling of the breasts, benign breast diseases, and night sweating. The survey work showed high prevalence of hair loss and hirsutism to above the norms, therefore pointing at dermatological consequences of hormonal disturbances. Another group of marriage-related problems that were also identified were fertility problems which were also common affecting a large percentage of the population. No significant associations were found between hormonal levels and certain conditions such as cardiovascular disease and liver disease. The hormonal testing showed dysregulation in FSH and LH and estrogen and progesterone and thyroid hormones. Women of south Punjab are undergoing hormonal imbalance, which includes reproductive health problems and other health related concerns. Focused education on symptoms, early checkups, and encompassing medical approaches are useful in reducing effects of hormonal fluctuations in this group of ladies. 30cm.

Place Hold on Endocrine Dysregulation Adversely Effects Female Reproductive Health in South Punjab Pakistan /

Multi-Class Classification of ECG Data for Comprehensive Cardiac Abnormality Detection Through Machine Learning /

By Nayyab, Rida. . 81p. , Cardiovascular diseases are considered the major cause of death worldwide surpassing cancer. However, despite the broad category of diseases, research has been limited to binary classification i.e. normal and abnormal class leaving behind the accurate classification of specific diseases that affect the ECG waveform. PTB – XL database offers a wide variety of ECG records, but little research is dedicated to extracting morphological features for multi-class classification. Therefore, the paper used the open database to filter the ECG signal records having single unique labels and pre-processed them using the Butterworth bandpass filter and DWT db8. The Bandpass filter corrected baseline wander and reduced noise however, a high signal-to-noise ratio was achieved after applying 8-level DWT. The processed signals were fed into the Pan-Tompkins algorithm to extract R peaks. These peaks served as a baseline to identify other morphological features i.e. P-QRS-T intervals and amplitudes. These extracted features were labelled into 1 normal and 4 abnormal classes. There was a class imbalance in the dataset that could cause bias while training models. Therefore, SMOTE-NC was applied to upsample the dataset. The new dataset was split into the training set and the testing set. These sets were given as inputs to CNN and DNN models for a 5-fold loop. The performance was evaluated for both models using metrics like F1 score, recall, precision and accuracy. The CNN model achieved a mean accuracy of 81% whereas the mean accuracy for DNN was 84%. It was also noted that among the 5 classes, HYP was consistently being classified accurately at 98%. 30cm.

Place Hold on Multi-Class Classification of ECG Data for Comprehensive Cardiac Abnormality Detection Through Machine Learning /

pH-Responsive Aloe Vera Hydrogels Loaded with Imatinib for Targeting Drug Resistance in Cancer /

By Hasan Khan ,Aroob. . 77p. ; , Cancer and its reoccurrence have become a major health problem affecting the quality of life for millions of individuals every year. The currently available strategies, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have non-specific targets, lower solubility, and severe side effects. Hydrogels are crosslinked polymeric networks with higher swelling properties, degradation, biocompatibility, and flexibility which can be manipulated based on the desired application. Incorporating AV can elevate the antioxidant, and anticancer properties of the hydrogel based drug delivery system (DDS) also warranting enhanced swelling, drug release, and environmental degradability of the system. Acrylic acid (AA) induces pH-responsive properties in the hydrogels. The PVA/SA and PVA/SA/AV hydrogels were synthesized with a pH responsive behavior and investigated at different pH conditions. The unloaded and loaded PVA/SA and PVA/SA/AV hydrogels with imatinib (IM) were characterized for their structural morphology, physiochemical characteristics, and antioxidant and anticancer activity. The IM loaded PVA/SA/AV hydrogels showed increased pore size in SEM micrographs, enhanced swelling abilities up to 400%, 100% degradation, 56% encapsulation efficiency, and drug release profiles of up to 94% in 24 h, compared to PVA/SA hydrogels loaded with IM. Dpph radical scavenging activity was also observed to be enhanced in PVA/SA/AV hydrogels. Finally, the cell viability analysis in resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines exhibited 41% cell viability of the PVA/SA/AV hydrogels loaded with IM implying a promising potential of AV to be incorporated in a hydrogel based drug delivery system for targeting drug resistance in cancer. 30cm..

Place Hold on pH-Responsive Aloe Vera Hydrogels Loaded with Imatinib for Targeting Drug Resistance in Cancer /

Investigating Chrysoeriol-Mediated Protection in MPTP-Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease /

By Ali ,Mehak. . 105p. ; , Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which results in severe motor impairments. While the precise cause of PD remains unknown, research indicates that factors such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the triggering of apoptotic pathways play key roles in the degeneration of these neurons. Current treatments focus on stabilizing dopamine levels but do not halt disease progression. Therefore, exploring compounds that can mitigate apoptotic neuronal loss is promising for therapy. Chrysoeriol, a 3’-O-methoxy flavone and luteolin derivative, is known for its anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Despite extensive research, its effect on PD mouse models is still unclear. This study examines the neuroprotective effects of 5 mg/kg of Chrysoeriol administered intraperitoneally for 14 days in an in vivo sub-acute PD model, established using 20 mg/kg MPTP administered via intraperitoneal injections at two-hour intervals for a total of four doses in one day. Behavioral tests, including the Pole test, Y-maze test, forced swim test, and tail suspension test, showed significant recovery from PD-induced neurological deficits in Chrysoeriol-treated mice. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining confirmed reduced neuronal damage in Chrysoeriol-treated mice in different areas of the brain, including the midbrain, cerebellum, cortex, and hippocampus. qPCR analysis was used to detect the relative expression of α-Synuclein, Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) and Bax (pro-apoptotic) proteins. The levels of α-synuclein, a major protein implicated in PD pathology, were significantly downregulated in the treatment group compared to the diseased group, indicating that Chrysoeriol plays a role in the downregulation of α-synuclein. Moreover, in the diseased group, Bax levels were up-regulated, and Bcl-2 levels were downregulated, reducing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Chrysoeriol treatment significantly reversed this downregulation. Our results demonstrated that Chrysoeriol treatment significantly reduced MPP+- induced toxicity, downregulated α-synuclein expression levels, and improved Bcl-2/Bax ratio expression levels in in vivo mouse models. Our research indicates that Chrysoeriol offers protection against MPP+-induced apoptosis in mice by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This finding suggests that Chrysoeriol could be a promising therapeutic option for PD. 30cm..

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Investigating the Neuroprotective Effects of Chenodeoxycholic Acid in MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease in BALB/c mice /

By Mehreen ,Mehwish. . 77p. ; , Parkinson's disease (PD) remains a major challenge in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and requires innovative therapeutic approaches. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in PD using a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model. CDCA, a naturally occurring bile acid, has previously shown promise in various neurological disorders by reducing neuronal degeneration and promoting neuronal health, however its utility in PD has not been studied. Mice were divided into a control group, an MPTP-induced PD model (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and a treatment group injected intraperitoneally with CDCA (90 mg/kg). CDCA reduced motor impairment and ameliorated anxiety-like behavior as assessed by the pole test and open field test, demonstrated antidepressant effects in the forced swim test and tail suspension test, and results of the Y-maze test showed improved cognitive performance. Furthermore, the effective defense against MPTP-induced dopaminergic degeneration was provided by CDCA through improving the morphological and histological features of neurons in the midbrain, hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum. Additionally, the biomarkers used in this study are brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and α-synuclein. Hence, treatment with CDCA significantly mitigated MPTP-induced elevations in α- synuclein levels, indicating that it may have potential to preserve and recover neuronal function. Moreover, the neurotrophic role of CDCA was demonstrated by improving the low levels of BDNF in the presence of MPTP. The results of this study promise valuable insights into the potential therapeutic properties of CDCA in reducing the effects of PD and provide a basis for further research into bile acid-based treatments in neurodegenerative diseases. 30cm..

Place Hold on Investigating the Neuroprotective Effects of Chenodeoxycholic Acid in MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease in BALB/c mice /

Star Shaped Silver Nanoparticles For Titanium Implant Coatings /

By Mushtaq, Aqsa. . 69p.; , Titanium implants are extensively used in the medical and healthcare industries because of their exceptional mechanical strength and biocompatibility. However, there are still concerns with reducing infection and enhancing implant integration with the surrounding bone tissue. In order to improve the antibacterial and biocompatibility of titanium implants, this study prepares star like silver nanoparticles and coat them on titanium discs (Ti-6Al-4V). The process of creating silver nanostars involved heating polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and ethylene glycol solution along with silver precursor solution at 190°C for 30 minutes and reducing silver nitrate with 4×10⁻² M NaOH. PVP and ethylene glycol were used to stabilize the nanostar. Different properties of nanoparticles such as Surface morphology, functional groups, chemical composition, phase and purity, visual characterization, surface charge and stability were characterized by using SEM, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy and zeta analysis. To enhance surface qualities, titanium discs were heated and given alkaline treatments. Simulated body fluid (SBF) and nanostar-coated discs interacted, and contact angle was measured in order to test biocompatibility. The antibacterial efficacy of tryptic soy broth (TSB) and TSA was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and there was a significant decrease in biofilm activity observed on 96 well plate.7 days and 14 days coated disc shows 83% and 95% inhibition to biofilm and there was a decrease in contact angle of both discs with increasing coating period, and 14 day coated disc shows contact angle of 22° indicating high hydrophilicity that leads to better Osseo integration and biocompatibility. These findings demonstrated that the silver nanostar coatings considerably increased the antibiofilm activity and make titanium implants more bio absorbable, which may promote Osseo integration and decrease bacterial adherence. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of coatings of silver nanoparticles, marking a significant advance in clinical applications. 30cm..

Place Hold on Star Shaped Silver Nanoparticles For Titanium Implant Coatings /

Proteomic Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease Models Administered with Rutin and Rutin-Bound Nanoparticles /

By Muti ,Alveena. . 86p. ; , Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease leading to cognitive impairment and memory loss. The presence of amyloid ß deposition and neurofibrillary tangles remain the neuropathologic criteria for AD diagnosis. The BBB which is necessary for proper neuronal activity prevents solutes from the bloodstream getting into the brain. Unfortunately, there is no effective therapy for the treatment of AD due to low drug potency and various drug delivery issues, such as limited bioavailability and the blood-brain barrier's obstructions. Recently nanotechnology has demonstrated encouraging advancements in the treatment of AD. Many different types of nano-carriers have been modified to provide effective new therapeutic approaches. This study investigated therapeutic effect of Rutin and compared them with those of Rutin-bound nanoparticles, NCDs-Rutin and CDs-Rutin in AD rat model. AD was induced in Wistar Han rats using AlCl3 and D-galactose. The rats were then treated with Rutin and Rutin-bound nanoparticles and the effects were assessed using different parameters. Behavior assessment showed that NCDs-Rutin gave significant results in MWM, Y-maze and NOR test, while CDs-Rutin exhibited better result in open field test. Histological analysis using H & E staining revealed that NCDs-Rutin group prevented brain tissue better than CDs-Rutin and Rutin group, however, Rutin group had more effective amyloid plaque reduction in ThT staining. Moreover, molecular analysis of treatment groups showed an upregulation of SOD2 expression, among them NCDs-Rutin and Rutin group showed significant results suggesting enhanced antioxidant defense. While, CDs-Rutin group showed significant reduction in TLR4 expression, suggesting a reduced neuroinflammation. Proteomic analysis through SDS-PAGE indicated differences protein expression across the groups. The Rutin-bound nanoparticles significantly outperformed Rutin in terms of efficacy, most likely as a result of their focused administration and increased bioavailability. 30cm..

Place Hold on Proteomic Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease Models Administered with Rutin and Rutin-Bound Nanoparticles /

Investigating the Neuroprotective Impacts of Chenodeoxycholic Acid in STZ-Induced Diabetic Neuropathy and Cognitive Impairment in BALB/c Mice /

By Bano, Maria . . 77p. , Diabetic neuropathy and cognitive impairment are common complications of diabetes, significantly affecting the lives of millions of people. Finding effective treatments for these issues remains a critical challenge. In this study, we investigated whether chenodeoxycholic acid, a naturally occurring bile acid known for its neuroprotective properties, could help alleviate these complications. We utilized a mouse model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin. The mice were categorized into three groups; a healthy control, a diabetic group and a diabetic group that receive treatment with CDCA. The diabetic mice displayed typical signs of nerve pain, anxiety-like behaviour, and memory problems. However, those treated with CDCA showed remarkable improvements in all these areas. They experienced less pain in the hot plate analgesia, exhibited reduced anxiety levels in the open field test, and demonstrated better memory and cognitive function in the test of Y-maze. Beyond behaviour, CDCA also had profound effects on the brain. It preserves the structure of neurons in critical areas like the hippocampus and cortex, which are often affected by diabetic neuropathy. At a molecular level, CDCA may reduce inflammation by decreasing nuclear factor kappa B levels, a key marker of inflammation and cell damage. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor is also increased, a protein essential for nerve growth and repair in the brain, suggesting that CDCA supports the brain’s natural ability to heal. These results provide a promising glimpse into the potential of CDCA as a treatment for diabetes-related nerve and cognitive problems. While more research is needed, the ability of CDCA to protect neurons, reduce inflammation, and improve cognitive and behavioural outcomes makes it a promising drug for future therapies aimed at improving the lives of people with diabetes. 30cm.

Place Hold on Investigating the Neuroprotective Impacts of Chenodeoxycholic Acid in STZ-Induced Diabetic Neuropathy and Cognitive Impairment in BALB/c Mice /

Therapeutic Potential of Light Flicker for Schizophrenia - A Comparative Study

By Ihsan ,Faryal. . 93p. ; , Schizophrenia is a serious neuropsychiatric condition that affects cognition, perception, and behavior. Current pharmacological treatments are successful in treating symptoms but can have serious adverse effects, especially in susceptible populations such as children and the elderly. These negative consequences, which range from metabolic problems to cognitive impairment, underline the critical need for alternate, non-invasive therapeutic techniques. One promising approach is neuromodulation by gamma entrainment with sensory stimulation, which uses an external stimulus to restore broken neuronal synchronization. This study looks at the combined effects of Clozapine and light flicker therapy in a ketamine-induced schizophrenia mouse model, with the hypothesis that their synergistic action will lead to improved recovery. Mice were classified into five groups: control, diseased, Clozapine-treated, light flicker-treated, and combination therapy. Behavioral examinations, such as the open field test, elevated plus maze, forced swim test, tail suspension test, novel object recognition, and Y-maze, demonstrated that combination therapy improved cognitive and affective deficiencies the most significantly. Histological analysis with hematoxylin and eosin staining of the cortex and hippocampus (CA1 and CA3) revealed severe neuronal disorganization in the diseased group, partial restoration in the individual treatment groups, and near-control level preservation in the combination therapy group. RT-PCR analysis using Pvalb and BDNF primers indicated abnormalities in PV interneurons and neuroplasticity markers, which corroborated the histological and behavioral findings. Our approach to schizophrenia combines neuroscience and psychology. Restoring gamma oscillations with light flicker improves PV interneuron function, BDNF production, and cognitive stability. This neuronal synchronization minimizes ego fragmentation, improves self perception, and promotes cognitive integration for a more comprehensive treatment. 30cm..

Place Hold on Therapeutic Potential of Light Flicker for Schizophrenia - A Comparative Study

Design and Development of an Air-Driven Posture Correction Device /

By Haris, Muhammad. . 129p. , The prevalence of postural kyphosis continues to rise across all demographics because of inactive lifestyles and extended screen time usage which has established itself as a major musculoskeletal issue. The current solutions including static braces and feedback-only wearables, fail to provide adaptability and comfort with active correction features. This restricts their ability to achieve longterm success and user adherence. The research introduces a new wearable air-driven posture correction device which combines real-time sensing with pneumatic actuation to treat flexible thoracic kyphosis. The proposed wearable tech device focuses on posture correction by integrating multiple features into one compact device. The system includes an MPU-6050 inertial measurement unit which tracks the user’s trunk in real time in six degrees of freedom. A microcontroller processes this data and determines if changes to posture exceed a calibrated angular threshold. If so, the system triggers a pneumatic actuation module within an orthopedic vest that has been altered for this purpose. This module includes butyl rubber chambers which are constrained but designed to inflate and mechanically stress the upper back by simulating the action of scapular retractor muscles. To measure the corrective force, force-sensitive resistors (FSRs) are placed where the actuators and the body interface. A closed-loop control system dynamically adaptive and responsive to real time conditions with sensor fusion guarantees timely action and feedback. The prototype was tested by means of both objective and subjective methods, with a full-scale experimental protocol involving 24 healthy participants. Data collected in this study included realtime pitch angle vs actuator force, and subjective user feedback through standardized ergonomic surveys such as the Borg CR10 scale, Corlett & Bishop discomfort map, and the System Usability Scale (SUS). Results indicate that the system successfully minimized thoracic pitch deviation while maintaining safe tactile force levels, achieving average corrective pressures of 7–12 kPa, resulting in notable postural enhancement. The system reliably attained enhancements in posture, surpassing 85% in 22 out of 24 participants. This work contributes a fully automated, textile-integrated pneumatic solution for posture correction, combining real-time sensing, adaptive actuation, and ergonomic design. The proposed xix system offers a replicable framework for intelligent musculoskeletal rehabilitation wearables and lays the groundwork for future closed-loop personalization strategies in postural health technologies. 30cm..

Place Hold on Design and Development of an Air-Driven Posture Correction Device /

Therapeutic Application of Crude Mitochondrial Transplantation for Diabetic Wound Healing /

By Hameed, Farhan . . 77p. , Chronic wounds in diabetic condition pose a persistent clinical challenge, primarily due to impaired cellular energy metabolism and delayed tissue regeneration. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays pivotal role in this impaired healing process, making mitochondrial transplantation (MT) a promising therapeutic strategy. This study investigates the efficacy of MT in accelerating wound repair using a diabetic mice model. Full-thickness excisional wounds (6mm) were created on the dorsal surface of diabetic mice, followed by subcutaneous administration of isolated crude mitochondria at low, moderate and high dose (5ug, 10ug, and 20ug) mitochondria per wound. A vehicle-treated group receiving phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) served as the control. Mitochondrial viability and quantification were assessed using MTT assay and Bradford in wound contraction. Wound closure analysis revealed a dose-dependent acceleration of healing, with high-dose group exhibiting the most significant improvement in wound contraction and re-epithelialization. Histological analysis confirmed enhanced tissue regeneration in the treatment groups. Furthermore real-time PCR analysis demonstrated a significant upregulation of RAC1, CDC42, and VEGF in the moderate and high treatment groups, indicating enhanced cytoskeletal remodeling, cellular migration and angiogenesis. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of crude mitochondrial transplantation in diabetic wound healing by restoring cellular bioenergetics and promoting tissue repair. This approach offers a promising regenerative strategy for managing chronic wound and improving diabetic wound outcomes. 30cm.

Place Hold on Therapeutic Application of Crude Mitochondrial Transplantation for Diabetic Wound Healing /

Advanced nanocarriers for skin diseases /

By Khan, Rida Khalid. . 68p. , The development and evaluation of an advanced nanocarrier hydrogel system designed to address the major barriers in diabetic wound healing, specifically targeting chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, bacterial infection, and impaired angiogenesis. This therapeutic system integrates cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and a chitosan-gelatin hydrogel platform to create a multifunctional wound dressing. CeO₂ nanoparticles provide strong antioxidant and antibacterial activity, MOFs enable controlled drug release and add antimicrobial properties, while the chitosan-gelatin hydrogel ensures biocompatibility, moisture retention, and accelerated tissue repair. Comprehensive characterization, including Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, UV-Vis, EDX analysis, and optical microscopy, confirmed successful synthesis, structural integrity, and the presence of desired functional groups. Biological assays demonstrated superior antibacterial and antibiofilm performance of the CeZn-Gel composite against E. coli and S. aureus, surpassing individual system components and controls. The integrated approach not only enhances wound healing outcomes but also reduces infection and inflammation, with significant potential for improving patient quality of life in chronic wound care. Future work will focus on optimizing formulation and advancing toward clinical testing for broader therapeutic impact. 30cm.

Place Hold on Advanced nanocarriers for skin diseases /

Therapeutic Effects of Light Flicker Stimulation in a Mouse Model of Depression - A Comparative Study /

By Hyder, Azan . . 80p. , Depression is a common neuropsychiatric condition, characterized by behavioral deficiencies, mood swings, and cognitive impairments. Although fluoxetine is still a commonly prescribed antidepressant, its drawbacks, including systemic side effects and delayed therapeutic results, make it necessary to look at alternative treatments. Using a chronic restraint stress mouse model, this study examines the effectiveness of 40 Hz light flicker therapy as a novel, non-invasive neuromodulatory treatment for depression by directly contrasting it with fluoxetine treatment. Behavioral tests such as the Light-Dark Box, Forced Swim, and Sucrose Preference tests showed that 40 Hz light stimulation dramatically reduced depressive-like behaviors, frequently outperforming the effects of fluoxetine. Histopathological examinations showed that parvalbuminexpressing interneurons, which are necessary for gamma oscillatory activity and inhibitory circuitry, had been protected in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampal regions. Increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and parvalbumin (PV) was further validated by molecular experiments, suggesting improved interneuron integrity and neuroplasticity. These results demonstrate that 40 Hz light flicker therapy facilitates the functional restoration of brain regions damaged in depression, pointing to distinct mechanisms from those of traditional medication. Subsequent research endeavors ought to concentrate on refining stimulation parameters, evaluating long-term safety and effectiveness, and clarifying electrophysiological mechanisms via supplementary imaging and neurophysiological studies. Promising translational potential is indicated by ongoing clinical investigations. To conclude, 40 Hz light flicker therapy might prove to be a useful supplement or substitute therapy, providing a customized, side-effect-free choice for managing depression. 30cm.

Place Hold on Therapeutic Effects of Light Flicker Stimulation in a Mouse Model of Depression - A Comparative Study /

Therapeutic Effects of Sound-Mediated Stimulation in a Mouse Model of Depression - A Comparative Study /

By Reemaz, Tooba . . 90p. , Depression is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by mood disturbances, cognitive impairment, and behavioral deficits. While pharmacological treatments such as Fluoxetine are widely used, they often represent limitations including delayed onset of action and side effects, highlighting the need for alternative, non-invasive therapeutic strategies. One promising approach is neuromodulation through gamma entrainment using auditory stimulation, aimed at restoring disrupted neuronal synchronization. This study evaluates the effects of 40 Hz sound stimulation compared to fluoxetine in a chronic restraint stress-induced mouse model of depression, hypothesizing that sound therapy will yield superior recovery outcomes. Mice were divided into control, depressed, fluoxetine-treated, and sound stimulation-treated groups. Behavioral assessments, including the Tail Suspension Test, Forced Swim Test, Social Interaction Test, Sucrose Preference Test, Open Field Test, and Light-Dark Box Test, revealed that 40 Hz sound therapy significantly alleviated depressive-like behaviors, often outperforming fluoxetine. Histopathological analysis focused on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex showed that sound stimulation preventing neuronal loss and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, which are crucial for inhibitory circuit function and gamma oscillatory activity. Molecular evaluation through qPCR for pavlb and brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BDNF supported these findings, displaying increased expression levels indicating enhanced interneuron integrity and neuroplasticity. This neuromodulatory treatment encourages the molecular and functional repair of brain circuitry implicated in depression. The findings demonstrated 40 Hz sound entrainment's ability to change brain oscillations and ameliorate cellular and behavioral deficiencies linked to depression, indicating that it may be a novel supplement or substitute for traditional antidepressant treatments. 30cm.

Place Hold on Therapeutic Effects of Sound-Mediated Stimulation in a Mouse Model of Depression - A Comparative Study /

Evaluating the Synergistic Role of Insulin and Photobiomodulation in alleviating Diabetic Neuropathy and Cognitive Impairment /

By Kayani, Hooreen . . 88p. , Diabetic neuropathy and cognitive impairment are debilitating complications of diabetes, yet effective multi-targeted therapies remain limited. This study investigated the synergistic effects of Insulin and Photobiomodulation (PBM) in a streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mouse model. Mice were divided into five groups: healthy control, diseased, PBM-treated, Insulintreated, and PBM + Insulin-treated, and received treatments for seven days. Functional outcomes were assessed through behavioural and biochemical analyses, while histopathological and molecular evaluations examined tissue integrity and the expression of neuroprotective markers, including Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Myelin Protein Zero (MPZ), with β-actin as a reference. The combination of PBM and Insulin produced the most pronounced improvements, demonstrating enhanced cognitive performance, reduced neuropathic pain, and preservation of neuronal structure, peripheral nerve integrity, and multi-organ morphology, including the brain, sciatic nerve, heart, liver, kidney, and lungs. PBM or Insulin alone provided partial protection, with moderate amelioration of functional deficits and tissue pathology. Mechanistically, combination therapy upregulated BDNF and MPZ expression, suggesting a molecular basis for enhanced neuroprotection and remyelination. These findings highlight the potential of PBM combined with Insulin as a synergistic intervention to mitigate diabetes-induced neuropathy and cognitive decline. Incorporating such multi-modal strategies may offer a promising avenue for managing diabetes-related multi-organ complications and improving overall outcomes in diabetic patients. 30cm.

Place Hold on Evaluating the Synergistic Role of Insulin and Photobiomodulation in alleviating Diabetic Neuropathy and Cognitive Impairment /

CDCA-Bound Carbon-Based Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Cognitive Impairment and Neuropathy Associated with Diabetes Mellitus /

By Noreen, Samra . . 99p. , Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a severe metabolic disorder defined by hyperglycemia, which leads to cognitive impairment and neuropathy. It is characterized by chronic pain, sensory loss, impaired motor coordination, and cognitive decline. According to the WHO (2024) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) statistics, neuropathy affects over 50% of people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Current treatments for diabetic neuropathy provide only partial relief and fail to stop neurodegeneration, highlighting the need for novel strategies that both restore metabolic balance and protect neural function. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a primary bile acid with antiinflammatory and neuroprotective effects, is limited by toxicity at high doses. CDs, owing to their ultra-small size, biocompatibility, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, are ideal for treating diabetic neuropathy and cognitive impairment. N-doped CDs were synthesized hydrothermally and conjugated with CDCA via carbodimide coupling. FTIR confirmed preserved functional groups, while UV-Vis showed π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding. Hemocompatibility testing revealed <5% hemolysis, confirming blood safety. Drug loading efficiency was ~ 99.6% (2489.82 bound from 2500 µg). Sustained release analysis showed ~ 17% release at 24 h and ~ 29% over 7 days without a burst effect. In-vivo, diabetic mice were grouped into control, free CDCA, CDCA-NCDs, and insulin glargine. The nanoconjugate was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg on day 1 st, 7th and 14th compared to daily free CDCA. Behavioral tests (nociception, anxiety, and cognition) showed significant improvements (p < 0.05-0.0001) with CDCA-NCDs. Glycemic control, weight, and histopathology also favored CDCA-NCDs over free CDCA. Overall, CDCA-NCDs demonstrated excellent safety, efficient drug loading, controlled release, and superior therapeutic outcomes, supporting them as a promising low-frequency dosing strategy for neuroprotection and metabolic regulation in diabetic neuropathy. 30cm.

Place Hold on CDCA-Bound Carbon-Based Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Cognitive Impairment and Neuropathy Associated with Diabetes Mellitus /

Cinnamon-derived Carbon Dots as Therapeutic Intervention for Cognitive Impairment and Neuropathy Associated With Diabetes /

By Hadiqa Shahid. . 151p. , Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder affecting over 589 million adults globally, induces diabetes-associated cognitive impairment and peripheral neuropathy through sustained hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Existing therapies inadequately target both central and peripheral neural damage due to poor blood-brain barrier penetration. This study developed cinnamon barkderived carbon nanodots (CIN-CNDs) conjugated with chenodeoxycholic acid (CINCDCA) via green hydrothermal synthesis as a novel nanotherapeutic for diabetesassociated complications. Characterization using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed nanoscale particle formation (average 4.4 nm), successful functionalization, and surface morphology suitable for biomedical applications. Physicochemical testing demonstrated excellent hemocompatibility (<5% hemolysis), high drug loading efficiency (85 ± 3%), pH-stable hydrolytic stability across physiological ranges, and controlled sustained release profile over 72 hours. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, CIN-CDCA nanoconjugates (10 mg/kg, i.p., 1, 4, 14 days) showed significant improvements across comprehensive neuropathic pain assessments (cold allodynia, hot plate, paw pressure, tail immersion; all p<0.01) and cognitive function tests (Morris water maze, Y-maze, novel object recognition, open field).CIN-CDCA nanoconjugates demonstrate biocompatibility, targeted delivery, and disease-modifying efficacy for diabetes-associated neural complications, warranting clinical translation. 30cm.

Place Hold on Cinnamon-derived Carbon Dots as Therapeutic Intervention for Cognitive Impairment and Neuropathy Associated With Diabetes /