NUST Institutions Library Catalogue Search for 'kw,wrdl: su-br:an:"11996"'

Multi-Robot Interactive Therapy for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder /

By Ali ,Sara . . 139p. , Robot-Assisted Therapies (RAT) is an emerging field and has shown promising results. Recently, one of the prominent applications of robots is assistive therapy is for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Autism Spectrum Disorder is a set of neurodevelopment disorder affecting 7.5 million people around the world. Children with ASD lack social and communication skills which affects their ability in schools as well as in community. Recently, humanoid robots are used for the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder to improve the development of communicational, behavioral, motor movements, joint attention, and physical behaviors. These interactive interventions that use robots for children with ASD, is one of the favorable tools for improving the behavior of children. In particular, the area of robotics is helping a lot in the treatment of ASD as the robot acts as a mediator as well as measures the response of an autistic child. However, the research aiming that the treatment of children with autism is limited, these therapies introduced by robots are successful in establishing basic communication skills. This research has proposed a novel mathematical model for an adaptive therapy of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder called Multi-robot-mediated Intervention System (MRIS). Three different therapies related to improvement in joint attention and imitation skills, effective human-human interaction and comparison of effective stimulus are introduced under this mathematical model. This research aims to introduce multi-sensory data that provides the quantitative support for improvement in social skills of children with autism, replacing the current techniques of measuring the improvement from physically observing the ASD child and with video analysis. Besides ensuring the accuracy in results, this method also introduces consistency as robots are immune to fatigue, unlike humans. The effectiveness of the model has been validated using cognitive brain state of the children with Electroencephalogram (EEG) neuroheadsets. Moreover, the effectiveness of the results has been validated using statistical analysis and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). 30cm.

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Brain-Computer Interface for Mental State Detection of Drivers /

By Arif, Saad . . 169p. , Background: Each year millions of vehicles suffer crashes on the roads globally due to deteriorated mental state of the drivers during driving tasks which result in higher casualties. Drowsy driving is the leading cause of high fatality rate which is instigated due to sleep deprivation, fatigue, and anxiety, etc. Vehicular, and driver’s behavioral data-dependent systems detect the drowsiness after its onset when an accident is more likely, and they are also subject to false identification. The drowsy mental state of drivers must be detected earlier for in-time warning to avoid fatal losses, and also the system must be less intrusive, and adaptable for normal driving tasks. Detection systems using physiological signals from human organs are comparatively underexplored in which bodily states of the subject can be identified earlier and with more reliability. It is postulated that all the bodily states are primarily originated from the human brain which could be a promising region to detect drowsiness at an earlier stage. Among many physiological signals, electroencephalography (EEG), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) are chosen for this study because they are proved to be more portable, easy to use, non-invasive, and reliable brain modalities for human mental state detection. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to design a passive brain-computer interface (pBCI) scheme for the earlier detection of driver drowsiness with minimum intrusion into the driving task. Design objectives for the pBCI scheme were to select the channel of interest (COI), online detection with a shorter time window, minimum recalibration and setup time, and development of a widely applicable standard as an inter-subject transfer framework (iSTF) to cater to the inter-subject variability. All these objectives lead to such a pBCI system that is readily available for any subject, anytime, easy to use with minimal design, and yet detecting the drowsiness correctly at an earlier stage to avoid life losses. Methodology: Multichannel EEG and fNIRS brain signals from anterior, posterior, and lateral brain regions of sleep-deprived drowsy subjects were acquired during the simulated driving task for post hoc analysis. Initial pBCIschemes used labeled EEG data acquired from prefrontal (PFC), frontal, and occipital cortices for extracting the eight spectral, and eight temporal xvi features of EEG signals. Seven supervised machine learning classifiers were used to do the cross-validated binary classification of drowsy, and alert brain states. Initial design only achieved a few objectives and generated the need to use different modalities to meet all the requirements. The final pBCI scheme used labeled fNIRS data acquired from PFC and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC) for extracting the six cerebral oxygen regulation (CORE) and three hemodynamic signal features. CORE states of wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stages were used to design a novel standard framework for wide applicability, and sleep stage classification using the vector phase analysis (VPA) approach. VPA was used for classifying microsleep/lapse, and drowsiness detection was done using the proposed brain hemodynamic patterns. Results: 𝛿, 𝜃, 𝛼, 𝛽 band powers as EEG spectral features achieved 82% accuracy in 10 s detection window. Signal skewness, variance, mean, peak as EEG temporal features achieved 87.2% accuracy in 1 s detection window. Ensemble classifier declared F8 as COI for earlier drowsiness detection using both the EEG pBCI schemes. Only the objectives of the short detection window and COI were achieved with the initial designs. In the final design with fNIRS, the novel VPA features: CORE vector gradients, achieved 94.1% accuracy in 5 s detection window for NREM sleep stage classification using ensemble classifier with the least computation time of 44 ms. Precise spatial localization of fNIRS declared AF8 position in right DLPFC as COI. The novel sleep stages-based threshold criteria along with VPA were crossvalidated as a standard iSTF for online microsleep detection with the least recalibration and setup time. Feature selection and achieved results were validated with various statistical significance tests. All the design objectives were attained with the fNIRS-based pBCI scheme. Conclusion: The aim to detect the driver's drowsiness earlier with minimum intrusion into the driving task, is accomplished. The presented fNIRS-based adaptive pBCI scheme is readily available for any subject, anytime, easy to wear with minimal ergonomic design, capable of real-time, correct, and early detection of the driver drowsiness to lessen the life losses in vehicular driving scenarios. The recommended research directions will surely justify, improve, and broaden the application horizons of the presented design 30cm..

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Multi-Task Learning using Brain Computer Interface /

By Fazal, Mariyam . . 102p. , Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can decode not only what users are thinking but also the intensity of their cognitive effort. However, BCIs have traditionally been constrained to single-task applications. Multitask learning (MTL) offers a promising solution by enabling BCIs to handle multiple related tasks simultaneously, enhancing both performance and usability.This study applied MTL to EEG data from N-back working memory tasks (0-back, 2-back, and 3-back) using openaccess data from 26 participants at Technische Universität Berlin. We developed a novel hybrid CNN-LSTM-tAPEformer architecture that integrates Convolutional Neural Networks for spatial feature extraction, Long Short-Term Memory networks for temporal sequence modeling, and Transformer blocks with specialized attention mechanisms for capturing long-range temporal dependencies. The proposed model performs dual functions by classifying accurate behavioral responses while simultaneously measuring cognitive workload across varying task complexity levels. Notable innovations include the development of Time Absolute Position Encoding (tAPE) that enhances temporal processing by integrating sinusoidal positional encoding with adaptive channel-specific encoding to preserve temporal relationships in EEG data. The system incorporates regional and temporal self-attention mechanisms along with global attention pooling to achieve enhanced neural pattern detection. Through leave-one-subject-out cross-validation methodology, the model was trained using data from all participants except one, then evaluated on the excluded individual to assess cross-subject generalization performance. Findings validate the hybrid CNNLSTM-tAPEformer model's efficacy for practical multi-task learning implementations, establishing its utility for BCI applications that demand concurrent cognitive state identification and workload assessment. 30cm.

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