NUST Institutions Library Catalogue Search for 'an:"119496"'

Design and Techno-Economic Analysis of Net Zero Energy Buildings using Energy Simulations /

By Ahmed, Shoaib . . 73p. 30cm.

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Modelling and Energy Consumption Analysis of an Industrial Building and passive techniques to reduce energy consumption, A case study in Pakistan /

By Manzar, Malak . . 64p. 30cm.

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Design and Optimization of a Savonius Hydrokinetic Turbine Using Upstream Bluff Bodies /

By Muneeb-Ur-Rehman. . 106p. 30cm.

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Design and Development of a Desiccant Assisted Microwave–Convection Food Dryer /

By Usama, Muhammad . . 241p. , 30% of the world’s agricultural production is lost in post-harvest stage due to the perishability of agricultural food items. To alleviate this problem, food can be dried to prolong its shelf life. However, there is a trade-off between product quality and energy cost for most dehydration methods. The objective of this study was to develop a food drying method that could deliver product quality that was competitive with highly eco-hazardous and energy intensive methods while being more energy efficient. To meet this objective, a solar thermal regenerated liquid desiccant dehumidification system was designed and manufactured. It was connected to a Microwave-Convection heating chamber to house the food items to be dried. To reduce energy consumption even further, it was theorized that instead of operating the Desiccant-MicrowaveConvection drying process consistently, the process could be divided into three stages; starting with high temperature Convection drying, followed by Microwave-Convection drying at a reduced temperature, followed by Desiccant assisted Convection drying at an even lower temperature. The Desiccant-Microwave-Convection dryer was experimentally tested to dry potato slices. The combined process delivered 81.6% shorter drying time compared to Convective Drying and 27.8% shorter drying time compared to Microwave Drying. The process was also found to consume 66.1%, 10% and 5% lower energy compared to Convective Drying, Microwave drying and combined Microwave-Convection drying respectively. It was also found to retain 87.8% of the original food’s color. When the process was divided into three stages with sequentially reducing temperatures, the cascaded configuration resulted in 22.2% reduction in energy consumption compared to using Desiccant-Microwave-Convection drying continuously and preserved 92.5% of the potatoes’ original color, which is comparable to Freeze Drying. The findings of this study are encouraging and can be used to further develop desiccant based hybrid drying techniques for a range of food items. 30cm.

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Effectiveness of passive design measures under future climate change for residential building in a humid subtropical region /

By Waseem, Hafiz Muhammad. . 66p. , Subtropical regions have suffered from the severe effects of climate change over the past few decades. To counteract the rising ambient temperature, indoor cooling demands have also risen. The high annual energy consumption of buildings is often offset by the adoption of passive cooling strategies, which are adapted to preserve indoor comfort. Passive design measures (PDM) are crucial in reducing buildings' annual energy consumption. Its continued efficacy in the face of future climate change, however, depends critically on the careful selection of appropriate passive design measures. This research simulates the effects of five passive design measures (front green wall, ventilation 24 hours, window louvers, combination of window louvers and overhangs, and C8 which is the combination of front green wall, night ventilation, and shading devices) for a house in the subtropical city Islamabad. Energy simulations are computed for typical metrological/base year as well as future weather files for 2050 and 2080. Results reveal that the combination of a front green wall (FGW), shading, and night ventilation (C8) has the maximum capacity to reduce the effect of future energy consumption. As the climatic conditions get more extreme in the future, C8 gives more effective results. C8’s annual energy consumption results reduces by 25%, 27%, and 30% when compared to non-passive results of TMY, 2050, and 2080 weather files respectively. Whereas, the effect of ventilation decreases, as it provides a 5.8%, 3%, and 2.7% decrease in annual mean energy consumption when compared with non-passive results of TMY, 2050, and 2080 results respectively. In the last section, the impact of different components of the most optimum PDM combination was also analyzed. Optimum values of leaf area index, louvers blade width & thickness & shading area all contributes to give overall better results. 30cm.

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The impact of climate adaptation measures on the thermal comfort of residential buildings in Pakistan /

By Abdullah. . 65p. ; 30cm..

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Analysis of the effect of passive measures on the energy consumption and zero-energy prospects of residential buildings in Pakistan /

By ANWAR , MUHAMMAD WASIM . . 64p. ; 30cm..

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Impact of Climate Change on the Future Energy Demand and Energy Efficiency of Buildings in Pakistan /

By Hamza ,Ameer. . 59p. ; 30cm..

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Design and Analysis of a High Altitude Platform (HAP) for Providing Backhaul Connectivity /

By REHMAN , ABDUR . . 122p. ; 30cm..

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Computational Analysis of Heat Wave and its Mitigation in an Urban Microclimate /

By Mohsin , Moiz . . 63p, ; 30cm..

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Spacer Design for Membrane Distillation Module Using CFD /

By Aitzaz ,Ali . . 48p. ; 30cm..

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Effectiveness of Passive Adaptation Measures Against Climate Change for Building Thermal Performance /

By Sajjad , Talha. . 61p. ; 30cm..

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Effectiveness of Passive Adaptation Measures Against Climate Change for Buildings in Hot, Humid and Desert Climate /

By Saeed , Owais. . 75p. ; 30cm..

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Numerical Analysis of Novel Savonius type Hydrokinetic Turbine /

By Khan ,Zain Ullah . . 72p. ; 30cm..

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Buckling Analysis of Composite Cylindrical Shells with Multiple Cutouts /

By Raja ,Adil Abid . . 57p .; 30cm..

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Numerical Analysis on 3D Microfluidic Paper Based Analytical Device /

By Abid, Zeeshan . . 56p. , Paper-based microfluidics are microfluidic devices that consist of a series of hydrophilic cellulose or nitrocellulose fibers that transport fluid from an inlet through the porous medium to a desired outlet or region of the device, by means of capillary action. Paper is abundant and compatible with many chemical/biochemical/medical applications, it is easy to use, disposable, equipment free, and its high surface area improves detection limits for colorimetric method, its ability to store reagents in active form within the fiber network. It provides a novel system for fluid handling and fluid analysis for a variety of applications including health diagnostics, environmental monitoring as well as food testing. It has been used from spot tests for metals and paper chromatography to lateral flow immunoassays and later now as multilayered (µPADs). Different technologies has been adopted in past for fabrication of (µPADs). The fundamental principle underlying these fabrication techniques is to pattern hydrophilic-hydrophobic contrast on a sheet of paper in order to create micron-scale (i.e., hundreds to thousands of micrometers) capillary channels on paper. Their widespread adoption has been limited by slow flow rates of fluid passing through it, shelf life of enzyme/reagent stored on paper, coffee ring effect in which there is non-uniform distribution of reagent due to hydrophobic boundary, theoretical modeling which accurately depicts behavior of fluid flow through multilayered µPADs considering all design parameters, non-homogenous paper causes anisotropic properties. In counter to that in this present work, numerical analysis of impact of various design parameters on the performance of single and multilayered paper based microfluidic analytical devices (µPADs) is performed, in order to find effect of different design parameters on velocity of fluid e.g. porosity, permeability, capillary angle, gap height, surface tension, dynamic viscosity, paper thickness, paper width etc. Based on the results of numerical analysis, it is concluded that permeability, gap height, interfacial tension, paper thickness are directly proportional with the velocity of fluid and the remaining design parameters dynamic viscosity, capillary angle are inversely proportional with the velocity of fluid, porosity doesn’t affect velocity value. Whatman filter paper grade 4 is recommended for single layered and multilayered microPADs, because velocity of fluid is found to be 1.3 mm/s in case of single layered microPADs. Maximum gap height that is beneficial for velocity enhancement in multilayered microPADs is 400 µm. Optimum value of paper width is found to be 0.02m for enhanced velocity. Based on these findings one can manufacture paper material of certain desired properties to get favorable results and can also fabricate multilayered microPADs while keeping gap height behavior under consideration. 30cm.

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Effects of various parameters on Net-Zero Energy Buildings design /

By Riaz, M Wasiq . . 63p. , Due to increase in climate change and urbanization, Net Zero Energy Buildings are one of the most effective solutions in energy and building sectors. Techniques to decrease the cooling and heating loads have been applied to buildings for centuries such as vernacular design. The challenge researchers are facing in the current weather scenario is to retrofit different energy efficiency measures to decrease energy load. These measures can be passive or active measures. In previous research, energy refurbishment using more than five energy efficiency measures lacks for sub tropic humid regions. The use of cork as insulation and heat pumps as energy efficiency measures has not been performed before for sub tropic humid region. In this research, a building is modeled with climatic data of Islamabad. It is later calibrated with mean bias error and calibration signature. After the verification of simulated building, six energy efficiency measures are applied such as insulation on external wall, insulation on roof, improvement of transparent objects, insulation on ground floor, change of HVAC system and solar PV panels. First passive measures are applied to the model and then active measures. Each energy efficiency measure is chosen on the basis of availability, net present value and discounted payback time. The main concept behind the research is to decrease the primary energy consumption of the building and excess energy can be exported. After the implementation of EEM, it was observed that parameter with high effect on primary energy consumption is as insulation on external with lowest effect that was of insulation on ground. Solar panels are modeled in such a way that it provides excess energy for net metering. The challenge to decrease the primary energy consumption can be solved by these measures. The policy makers, engineers and architects can benefit from this research to further research on weather like Islamabad that is sub tropic humid. 30cm.

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Numerical Analysis of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Multi-Pod Hyperloop System /

By Mirza, M Omer . . 103p. , The Hyperloop system is a new and innovative mode of transportation, in which high-speed pods move through near-vacuum tubes. In this study, a multi-pod Hyperloop system was analyzed using numerical simulations at different values of distance between the pods (i.e., 2L to 4L). The numerical simulations were conducted using an unsteady, compressible solver with the Reynolds-average Naiver Stokes model to determine the effect of distance between the pods on the aerodynamic characteristics and pressure wave behaviour in the Hyperloop system. Moreover, the aerodynamic drag and pressure wave characteristics were determined theoretically based on the quasi-one-dimensional conditions to compare them to the numerical results. The flow conditions around the pods were divided into three different flow regimes based on the speed of the pods. In the flow regime 1 ( ), the compression waves develop into normal shock waves for the second pod without the occurrence of the choking of the flow at the throat. However, no shock wave occurs for the first pod due to the interaction of the low-pressure expansion wave and high-pressure compression wave at the tail of the first pod. Moreover, increasing the distance between the pods results in smoothening of the pressure distribution around the pods. In the flow regime 2 ( ), choking happens at the throat of the second pod and an oblique shock wave starts to appear within the tail section of the pod. Moreover, no chocking is observed for the tail section of the first pod, due to the low-pressure expansion wave and high-pressure compression wave between the two pods. Increasing the distance between the pods delays the interaction of the two waves, but overall due to the highpressure value at the tail of the first pod, no shockwave phenomenon is observed. In the flow regime 3 ( ), the oblique shock wave at the tail of the second pod is swept to the larger length and finally achieves a constant pressure value. Whereas an oblique Page 11 of 103 shock wave starts to appear at the tail section of the first pod. Another major change that is observed is the decrease in the drag force value with the increase in the distance between the pods at all pod speeds. Increasing the distance between the pods results in smooth interaction between the trailing oblique shock wave of the first pod and the leading normal shock wave of the second pod. This results in a lower pressure value at the tail end of the first pod and at the head of the second pod, which results in a low value of pressure difference between the head and tail sections of the pods and hence, a decrease in the total drag value. Based on this study, it is found that increasing the distance between the pods delays the pressure waves interaction which in turn results in a decrease in the total drag value. 30cm.

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On the Predicted Effectiveness of Climate Change Adaptation Measures for Outdoor Thermal Comfort using CFD/

By Zeeshan Muhammad . . 123,p; 30,cm..

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On the Predicted Effectiveness of Climate Change Adaptation Measures for Outdoor Thermal Comfort using CFD /

By Zeeshan, Muhammad . . 145p. , The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon has become a major concern for urban sustainability in the wake of global warming and rapid urbanization. This has resulted in increased heat stress and worsened outdoor thermal comfort in urban microclimates. Vegetation, water bodies, and cool materials are one of the most effective strategies to alleviate the adverse effects of rising outdoor temperatures. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has established itself as a valuable tool to model various urban physics phenomena and develop climate change and UHI mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, there exist certain numerical modeling aspects which require further insight. In this work, CFD simulations have been performed to analyze the effect of more realistic vegetation modeling parameters. The vegetation modeling parameters include the actual form drag coefficient and the variable tree transpiration rate. In addition to that, thermal comfort effectiveness of different tree species with its various morphological characteristics, cool materials’ albedo, and water bodies have also been studied in individual and in combination for a real urban area. The morphological characteristics/parameters include trunk height (HT), crown diameter (CW), crown height (CH), and leaf area density (LAD). The wind flow and heat transfer phenomena are simulated using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier– Stokes (URANS) approach. The simulations were performed with proposed adaptation measures for a real urban area having hot-humid climatic conditions under heat wave conditions. It has been found that for the studied climatic conditions, the consideration of more realistic values of these parameters can yield significant variation in the determination of cooling potential and flow characteristics of applied vegetation. Of all the morphological characteristics, LAD, crown height, and trunk height are found to be most influential in providing thermal comfort. Water bodies promotes improved thermal conditions and urban ventilation in spatial direction. Water and vegetation interventions promote the cooling effect by resulting in low ambient air and surface temperature i.e. 0.9 °C and 3.5 °C; 0.3 °C and 3 °C respectively when compared with reference case. Cool materials, when applied simultaneously on both buildings and ground, generate a more pronounced cooling effect than when applied separately on ground or the buildings as it results in a large reduction of air and surface temperature i.e., of 2 °C and 6 °C respectively. Furthermore, the impact becomes more significant for collective application of these adaptation measures. Cool materials when combined with vegetation and water results in large reduction i.e. 2.2 °C and 1.9 °C in air temperature; and 5.9 °C and 9 °C in surface temperature was observed respectively compared to the reference case. For air flow velocity, it is highest for combined cool materials with water with peak effect at the time of highest solar irradiance. The analysis shows that the proposed interventions can effectively decrease surrounding temperature and promote airflow; thereby promoting thermal comfort conditions. 30cm..

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Analysis of Enhanced Heat Transfer Characteristics of Geothermal Coaxial and Finned Borehole Heat Exchanger /

By Ameen, Muhammad . . 63p. , Geothermal energy has been recognized as a reliable and continuous resource of renewable energy. In the past, numerous investigations have been conducted to increase the thermal performance of the coaxial borehole heat exchangers. Previous research efforts have focused on parametric studies, incorporated the use of vortex generators and multiple external chambers. While the effect of fins on various configurations, such as U-tube, spiral tubes and horizontal type heat exchangers have been studied, there is a lack of research on their impact on geothermal coaxial borehole heat exchangers. In this study the effect of longitudinal fins on coaxial borehole heat exchanger (CBHE) was evaluated using CFD software. Transient simulations were performed for the period of 24 hours for cooling operation at different flow rates i.e 4L/min and 8L/min. Fin lengths of 5mm, 10mm, 15mm and 20mm were evaluated to determine optimum fin length. At optimum fin length of 15mm, it was observed that heat transfer rate per unit length was increased by 18% at 4L/min and 22% in case of 8L/min flow rate which indicates the increase in CBHE efficiency. This research establishes a foundation for future investigations of finned ground heat exchangers which can contribute towards a sustainable and efficient energy solution. Soft Copy.

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Numerical Investigation of Non - Sinusoidal Pitching motion on Semi Active Flexible Flapping Hydrofoil /

By Naseer, Hassan . . 90p. , The numerical investigation based on the effect of trapezoidal pitching motion along with chordwise deformation on the energy extraction performance of semi active flapping hydrofoil is performed. The effect of flexibility along the chord for semi active flapping based on non – sinusoidal motion is not explored until now. Therefore, the incompressible Navier – Stokes equation are solved using finite volume approach. The explicit Runge – Kutta method are modelled for estimation of displacement, velocity and acceleration of hydrofoil. Firstly, the optimal parameters are identified based on the pitching amplitude θ0 = 75o and flapping frequency f* = 0.16 due to sinusoidal motion. Then the effect on power extraction and efficiency due to non – sinusoidal motion (β) with variation in flapping frequency (f*), pitching amplitude (θ0), and flexure affect (α) along the chord are performed and compared with optimum efficiency achieved due to sinusoidal motion along with respective rigid hydrofoil. The power extraction and efficiency based on the transformation of pitching motion towards non – sinusoidal till β = 1.5 with flexible hydrofoil is greater than the optimum efficiency based on rigid hydrofoil at non – optimal parameters (θ0 = 65 o and f* = 0.14). However, the performance of hydrofoil due to chordwise flexure (α) and non – sinusoidal motion (β) at optimum amplitude (θ0 = 75o ) remains lower than the optimum efficiency except at β = 1.25 and α = 20%, where same as optimum efficiency is achieved. Therefore, it is suggested that flexible hydrofoil with non – sinusoidal motion is effectively contributing at non – optimal parameters θ0 = 65 o with 43.17% rise in efficiency w.r.t rigid hydrofoil. 30cm..

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Numerical Investigation of Hexacopter Downwash Airflow Field at Various Flight Speeds and Heights for Agricultural Spraying Operation. /

By Yawar Abbas, Muhammad . . 64p. ; , Multirotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as agricultural spraying drones have now become an integral part of the modern agricultural system. They are being used for spraying on the crops to protect the plants from different types of pests. When spray is distributed on the crops, it flows away from the target because of the wind field being created around the UAV. The downwash effect produced by the UAV significantly influences the spray deposition on crops. The downwash airfield generated by the hexacopter brings droplets to the crops, increasing the droplets’ deposition on the crops. Lattice Boltzmann Method was applied using CFD package XFlow to study the downwash field created by the hexacopter. The primary focus of the research is the downwash airflow field generated by the hexacopter that affects the motion distribution of droplets released from the sprayer at different flight speeds and altitudes. Previous research is limited to downwash effects on a drone with a wheelbase of 1000 mm. In this study, the downwash effect on a hexacopter drone with a spraying capacity of 30L and a wheelbase of 1900 mm is studied. We compared the results of our larger-wheelbase UAV with existing benchmarks. The UAV showed enhanced performance, achieving coverage and penetrable areas approximately double those of the benchmark. Based upon the results, the optimum flight height and flight velocity for spraying operation are 3 m and 4 ms-1 respectively under the condition of coverage and penetrable area. 30cm..

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Effectiveness of Passive Measures on Energy Efficiency and Carbon Production of Commercial Building in Various Climate Zones /

By Hussain ,Rohan . . 65p. ; Soft Copy .

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Numerical Analysis of Blended Wing Body VTOL UAV: Investigating Aerodynamic Characteristics Under Various Pylon Configurations /

By Illahi ,Rabeyia Manzoor. 30cm..

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Design of a Novel Spectral Learnable Dynamic Feature Map Semantic Segmentation Model /

By Saleem, Mugheera . . 131p. , In Computer Vision models, downsampling is a strategy to compress contextual information spatially while improving model flexibility by adding depth to the layer outputs. Traditionally, downsampling ratios in segmentation models have been governed by the model architecture and have remained fixed while being treated as a hyperparameter. Although some research has been conducted to introduce learnable downsampling in image classification, similar strategies have not been adopted in segmentation due to the issues in managing dynamic feature maps while performing upsampling. AdaUNet is an efficient semantic segmentation model with a novel encoder-decoder design. The encoder incorporates a differentiable stride learning mechanism and spectral attention to adaptively determine downsampling rates, reducing redundant spatial information and computational costs. The decoder uses a hypernetwork-based super-resolution model called Continuous Upsampling Filters (CUF) to smoothly recover high-resolution outputs. This design allows AdaUNet to be the first segmentation model that optimizes the size of the intermediate feature maps, reducing them by up to 50 times compared to traditional fixed-pooling methods, drastically cutting FLOPs and activation memory. On half-size image resolution of Cityscapes, AdaUNet achieves a 61.8% mean IoU using just 7.4M parameters and 29.36 GFLOPs, outperforming models like SegFormer and HRNet-V2. On the CamVid (256×256) dataset, the model scores a 72.33% mean IoU with only 3.14 GFLOPs. Furthermore, a Cityscapes-pretrained AdaUNet surpasses an ImageNet-1k pretrained (ResNet-101) DeepLabv3 model by 5% on CamVid while requiring around 20 times fewer FLOPs and 8 times less parameters. The proposed model is highly suitable for resource-constrained environments where high accuracy and low computational cost are critical. 30cm.

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Long-Term Temperature Forecasting using Deep Learning and Extreme Indices Computation /

By Munir, Safdar . . 105p. , Climate change has intensified the demand for accurate long-term temperature forecasting, particularly in highly vulnerable regions such as Pakistan, where rising temperatures and extreme events threaten agriculture, water security, public health, and infrastructure. Conventional climate models, including General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climate Models (RCMs), provide essential large-scale projections but face constraints in spatial resolution, computational cost, and applicability in data-scarce contexts. Recent advances in deep learning offer powerful alternatives, capable of capturing complex nonlinear relationships and producing high-resolution forecasts that can also inform the computation of extreme climate indices. This study integrates DL based forecasting with extreme temperature index computation to generate actionable insights for adaptation planning in Major Cities of Pakistan. Daily temperature data from the EC-EARTH3-VEG climate model (converted to °C) were bias-corrected using quantile mapping under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP4.8 and SSP5.85). After data preprocessing multiple deep learning models LSTM, CNN-LSTM, Transformer, Transformer XL and Deep Ensemble with Monte Carlo (MC) Dropout, were trained on 1980–2040 data and evaluated for 2040–2050 and then forecasted till 2100. Model was assessed using MAE, RMSE, R² with MC dropout. Deep Ensemble outperformed all the single model (MAE = 0.4588; RMSE = 0.751; R² = 0.992). Projections indicate a Tmax rise of ~2–4 °C and Tmin rise of ~1.5–3 °C by 2100. According to extreme climates indices calculation there continue to be increases in warming, especially with regards to more heat waves that last longer in addition to increases in the number of hot days and warm nights as well as fewer frost days. The warming of nights more than the warming of days, closing the diurnal temperature range. There is also more total precipitation which is distributed in a growing number of days, and longer periods of rain which means that heavier rains are becoming less common, which indicates the beginnings of a warmer, more humid, but drier and stressed climate. The study highlights that DL Ensemble frameworks can deliver robust, long term temperature projections and calculation of extreme indices for 25 major cities of Pakistan and for sake of brevity only data of Lahore, Karachi, Quetta and Gilgit city shown in paper reset are in appendix. 30cm.

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Cross-CvT: An Encoder-Decoder Multi-Level CrossAttentional Architecture for Semantic Segmentation /

By Shah, Syed Muhammad Ammar . . 100p. , Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based semantic segmentation algorithms have been widely used in encoder-decoder framework for semantic segmentation due to their ability to extract local information efficiently but lack the receptive field to handle long-range dependencies, especially in shallow layers. Transformer-based algorithms have the capability to extract global features due to their inherent attention mechanism but require large amounts of data and computational power to perform at their full potential. Hybrid CNN-Transformer algorithms are being explored to utilize the strengths of the approaches. This work introduces one such algorithm called Cross-CvT, which is inspired by Convolutional Vision Transformer (CvT) paradigm. The encoder adopts the standard CvT design, employing convolutional patch embeddings and convolutional transformer blocks, where each MLP feed-forward layer is replaced by an inverted residual block to introduce local context. The decoder mirrors this design but uses learned upsampling through transposed convolutions by replacing convolutional patch embeddings. Skip connections link corresponding encoder and decoder stages, augmented by cross-attention modules that allow decoder feature queries to attend to encoder outputs, enabling rich multi-scale feature fusion. The proposed architecture preserves the transformer’s global context while reintroducing CNN-like inductive biases for detailed high-resolution segmentation. We evaluate Cross-CvT on the Cityscapes benchmark and achieved a mean Intersection over Union score of 52.3%, which competes with the state-of-the-art approaches in the realm of semantic segmentation, which highlights the effectiveness of the Cross-CvT design for semantic segmentation. 30cm.

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