NUST Institutions Library Catalogue Search for 'an:119475'

Effect of PEG coating on the Vitexin liposomes for Oral treatment of ALD /

By Iqbal, Arfa . . 56p. , Vitexin a natural flavonoid, occasionally used in pharmaceutics due to its variety of medicinal effects and its roles in fat metabolism, hepatoprotection, and anticancer therapies. It has been rendered important for diseases leading to chronic liver disease, such as NASH/NAFLD, diabetes, cardiovascular ailments, and Liver cirrhosis. Recently, it has been administered in pure drug formulation, in combination with other chemicals, and nanoparticulate form mostly intravenously for various types of liver diseases. In its pure form it shows lower bioavailability due to its insolubility in aqueous environments and a lower rate of intestinal absorption. Since vitexin is known for its role in reducing and reversing the complications arising from decompensated liver cirrhosis, liposomal nanoparticles encapsulating vitexin were prepared by the ‘thin-film hydration’ process along with passive drug loading. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating of vitexin-loaded nanoparticles was used in the oral treatment of advanced liver disease in this research. Wistar rat models of intense liver injury was prepared and treated with vitexinloaded liposomal nanoparticles coated with PEG-1000 and PEG-2000. Histopathological, serological analysis and various other parameters observed and analyzed during and after the disease induction and completion of the treatment protocol presented better results and a possible reversal of liver cirrhosis when nanoparticles were coated with PEG-2000 in oral treatment. PEG-2000 also shows positive role in the oral administration to match the effectiveness of previously used vitexin-loaded nanoparticles for intravenous treatment of liver cirrhosis. 30cm.

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Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques for Phonocardiogram-Based Classification of Cardiac Abnormalities /

By Zaheer, Iqra. . 79p. , Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating early and accurate detection for effective disease management. This work employs advanced signal processing techniques in conjunction with machine learning methodologies to classify normal and particular cardiac conditions—Aortic Stenosis (AS), Mitral Regurgitation (MR), Mitral Stenosis (MS), and Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)—using phonocardiogram (PCG) signals. Preprocessing involved denoising using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) technique with the db8 wavelet and cA2 component, optimizing noise reduction while retaining valuable features for further analysis. Feature extraction was performed using Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) and Mel Power Spectrogram, providing a robust and efficient representation of heart sounds. Two machine learning models—Deep Neural Network (DNN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)—were used to assess the extracted features. With three hidden layers and 80% of the dataset used for training, the DNN model produced 90%±0.37 accuracy, 89% sensitivity, and 91% specificity. On the other hand, the CNN model, which consists of two fully connected layers and two convolutional layers with max pooling, performed by achieving 96%±0.38 accuracy, 95% sensitivity, and 95% specificity. These results underscore DNN’s enhanced capability in handling complex PCG data and reducing false negatives. This comprehensive study addresses multiple cardiac abnormalities, surpassing previous research that often focuses on a single condition or model. The findings highlight the potential of combining advanced signal processing with deep learning techniques to improve the timely and accurate identification of cardiac abnormalities. Future research will explore additional feature extraction methods and larger datasets to further enhance classification performance. This work significantly contributes to the field of biomedical engineering, offering a framework to improve patient outcomes through advanced diagnostic techniques. 30cm.

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Exploring Psoriasis Treatment Efficacy and Cognitive Impairment in a Murine Model /

By Durr E Shahwar. . 98p. , Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated skin disease characterized by increased proliferation of keratinocytes and immune dysfunction, which results in symptoms of erythema and scaling and discomfort. This condition is always accompanied with systemic co-morbidities, such as cognitive impairment that worsens the prognosis. Corticosteroids and biologic agents are available, but these therapies are often linked with a variety of adverse effects. This study also presents a new topical gel formulation used to address both cutaneous and systemic effects of psoriasis symptoms, by combining curcumin, chamomile extract, and salicylic acid loaded into polymeric nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized and employed as carriers to encapsulate the active compounds of the drug. The drug loaded nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, drug release efficiency and other desirable parameters to guarantee efficient delivery and controlled release at the site of action. This formulation was tested in an IMQ-induced psoriasis mouse model where it provided substantial therapeutic improvement by decreasing skin scaling, thickness, and inflammation. Furthermore, a decrease in the inflammation was observed, by decreased serum CRP levels in the blood serum of treated mice. Behavioural tests also revealed that memory of mice treated with drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles was better as compared to the untreated group of mice. This implies that the formulation not only targets the skin but also has neuro-protective effects addressing cognitive defects resulting from psoriasis. The histopathological examination of the hippocampus area after the therapy showed decreased neuroinflammation and reduced cell apoptosis, further validating the neuroprotective potentials of the formulation. These findings suggest this novel topical gel formulation as a non-invasive treatment option with reduced systemic inflammation & enhanced neuroprotection. The collective antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and keratolytic properties of all active compounds encapsulated and delivered via polymeric nanoparticles, provides a holistic approach in managing cutaneous and systemic manifestations of psoriasis, making this topical formulation a promising and more efficient alternative to conventional therapies. 30cm.

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