Talimat e gzali /

By Hanif, Muhammad. Lahore : Idara saqaft e islamia, 1977 . 467 p. ; , Hardcover.

Earth portrait of a planet

By Marshak , Stephen. NEW YORK W. W. NORTON 2001 . XVI,688P 0-393-97423-5

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Additive Manufacturing of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting - Process optimization, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties /

By Hanif, Muhammad . . 88p. , Copper-based alloys strengthened with chromium and zirconium are attractive for high-heat-flux components because they combine excellent thermal-electrical conductivity with moderate strength. Their processing by laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF), however, is hindered by copper’s high reflectivity and thermal conductivity, which amplify porosity and microstructural inhomogeneities. This study establishes an optimized processing– structure–property framework for CuCrZr fabricated by LPBF and subsequently directaged. A full factorial design of experiments (4 × 3 × 3) was carried out, varying laser power (375–450 W), scan speed (500–900 mm s⁻¹) and hatch spacing (70–110 µm) at a fixed 30 µm layer thickness. Thirty-six cubes were printed with 500W IR laser and their relative densities ranged from 95.4% to 99.2 %, with the highest value achieved at 450W, 500mm s⁻¹ and 110µm hatch spacing. Four parameter sets representing the upper density tier were selected for detailed study. Tensile test specimens were produced for these four parameter sets and Direct Age Hardened at 550 °C for 1, 2 and 3 hours. Peak strength is obtained at 1 hour of holding time and maximum tensile strength obtained is 498 MPa with 99.2% relative density with the process parameters as 450 W, 500 mm s⁻¹ and hatch spacing of 110 µm. Prolonged ageing to 3 h induced 5–13 % strength loss, due to precipitate and grain coarsening evident from microstructure investigation using scanning electron microscope and optical microscope. This work has demonstrated a clear correlation between optimized SLM process parameters, relative density, microstructural features, aging treatment, and mechanical performance of CuCrZr alloy. An optimal LPBF parameter window with laser power 425450W, moderate scanning speed 500-700mm/s and hatch spacing 90 µm combined with short direct-aging (550°C, 1 h) has been identified as ideal for producing high-performance CuCrZr components. 30cm.

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Talimat e gzali /

Earth portrait of a planet

Additive Manufacturing of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting - Process optimization, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties /